2.1 Modules: module, module*, ...
The module Form in The Racket Guide introduces module.
syntax
(module id module-path form ...)
For a module-like form that works in definitions context other than the top level or a module body, see define-package.
The module-path form must be as for require, and it supplies the initial bindings for the body forms. That is, it is treated like a (require module-path) prefix before the forms, except that the bindings introduced by module-path can be shadowed by definitions and requires in the module body forms.
If a single form is provided, then it is partially expanded in a module-begin context. If the expansion leads to #%plain-module-begin, then the body of the #%plain-module-begin is the body of the module. If partial expansion leads to any other primitive form, then the form is wrapped with #%module-begin using the lexical context of the module body; this identifier must be bound by the initial module-path import, and its expansion must produce a #%plain-module-begin to supply the module body. Finally, if multiple forms are provided, they are wrapped with #%module-begin, as in the case where a single form does not expand to #%plain-module-begin.
After such wrapping, if any, and before any expansion, an 'enclosing-module-name property is attached to the #%module-begin syntax object (see Syntax Object Properties); the property’s value is a symbol corresponding to id.
Each form is partially expanded (see Partial Expansion) in a module context. Further action depends on the shape of the form:
If it is a begin form, the sub-forms are flattened out into the module’s body and immediately processed in place of the begin.
If it is a define-syntaxes form, then the right-hand side is evaluated (in phase 1), and the binding is immediately installed for further partial expansion within the module. Evaluation of the right-hand side is parameterized to set current-namespace as in let-syntax.
If it is a begin-for-syntax form, then the body is expanded (in phase 1) and evaluated. Expansion within a begin-for-syntax form proceeds with the same partial-expansion process as for a module body, but in a higher phase, and saving all #%provide forms for all phases until the end of the module’s expansion. Evaluation of the body is parameterized to set current-namespace as in let-syntax.
If the form is a #%require form, bindings are introduced immediately, and the imported modules are instantiated or visited as appropriate.
If the form is a #%provide form, then it is recorded for processing after the rest of the body.
If the form is a define-values form, then the binding is installed immediately, but the right-hand expression is not expanded further.
If the form is a module form, then it is immediately expanded and declared for the extent of the current top-level enclosing module’s expansion.
If the form is a module* form, then it is not expanded further.
Similarly, if the form is an expression, it is not expanded further.
After all forms have been partially expanded this way, then the remaining expression forms (including those on the right-hand side of a definition) are expanded in an expression context. After all expression forms, #%provide forms are processed in the order in which they appear (independent of phase) in the expanded module. Finally, all module* forms are expanded in order, so that each becomes available for use by subsequent module* forms; the enclosing module itself is also available for use by module* submodules.
The scope of all imported identifiers covers the entire module body, except for nested module and module* forms (assuming a non-#f module-path in the latter case). The scope of any identifier defined within the module body similarly covers the entire module body except for such nested module and module* forms. The ordering of syntax definitions does not affect the scope of the syntax names; a transformer for A can produce expressions containing B, while the transformer for B produces expressions containing A, regardless of the order of declarations for A and B. However, a syntactic form that produces syntax definitions must be defined before it is used.
No identifier can be imported or defined more than once at any phase level within a single module. Every exported identifier must be imported or defined. No expression can refer to a top-level variable. A module* form in which the enclosing module’s bindings are visible (i.e., a nested module* with #f instead of a module-path) can define or import bindings that shadow the enclosing module’s bindings.
The evaluation of a module form does not evaluate the expressions in the body of the module. Evaluation merely declares a module, whose full name depends both on id or (current-module-declare-name).
A module body is executed only when the module is explicitly instantiated via require or dynamic-require. On invocation, imported modules are instantiated in the order in which they are required into the module (although earlier instantiations or transitive requires can trigger the instantiation of a module before its order within a given module). Then, expressions and definitions are evaluated in order as they appear within the module. Each evaluation of an expression or definition is wrapped with a continuation prompt (see call-with-continuation-prompt) for the default continuation and using the default prompt handler.
Accessing a module-level variable before it is defined signals a run-time error, just like accessing an undefined global variable. If a module (in its fully expanded form) does not contain a set! for an identifier that defined within the module, then the identifier is a constant after it is defined; its value cannot be changed afterward, not even through reflective mechanisms. The compile-enforce-module-constants parameter, however, can be used to disable enforcement of constants.
When a syntax object representing a module form has a 'module-language syntax property attached, and when the property value is a vector of three elements where the first is a module path (in the sense of module-path?) and the second is a symbol, then the property value is preserved in the corresponding compiled and/or declared module. The third component of the vector should be printable and readable, so that it can be preserved in marshaled bytecode. The racket/base and racket languages attach '#(racket/language-info get-info #f) to a module form. See also module-compiled-language-info, module->language-info, and racket/language-info.
If a module form has a single body form and if the form is a #%plain-module-begin form, then the body form is traversed to find module and module* forms that are either immediate, under begin, or under begin-for-syntax. (That is, the body is searched before adding any lexical context due to the module’s initial module-path import.) Each such module form is given a 'submodule syntax property that whose value is the initial module form. Then, when module or module* is expanded in a submodule position, if the form has a 'submodule syntax property, the property value is used as the form to expand. This protocol avoids the contamination of submodule lexical scope when re-expanding module forms that contain submodules.
See also Modules and Module-Level Variables and Module Phases and Visits.
Example: | ||||||||||
|
Submodules in The Racket Guide introduces module*.
Like module, but only for declaring a submodule within a module, and for submodules that may require the enclosing module.
Instead of a module-path after id, #f indicates that all bindings from the enclosing module are visible in the submodule; begin-for-syntax forms that wrap the module* form shift the phase level of the enclosing module’s bindings relative to the submodule. When a module* form has a module-path, the submodule starts with an empty lexical context in the same way as a top-level module form, and enclosing begin-for-syntax forms have no effect on the submodule.
syntax
(module+ id form ...)
Main and Test Submodules in The Racket Guide introduces module+.
Declares and/or adds to a submodule named id.
Each addition for id is combined in order to form the entire submodule using (module* id #f ....) at the end of the enclosing module. If there is only one module+ for a given id, then (module+ id form ...) is equivalent to (module* id #f form ...).
A submodule must not be defined using module+ and module or module*. That is, if a submodule is made of module+ pieces, then it must be made only of module+ pieces.
syntax
(#%module-begin form ...)
The #%module-begin form of racket/base wraps every top-level expression to print non-#<void> results using current-print.
syntax
(#%plain-module-begin form ...)