4.2.2 Generic Numerics

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4.2.2 Generic Numerics

Most Racket numeric operations work on any kind of number.

4.2.2.1 Arithmetic

procedure
(+ z ...) → number?
z : number?

Returns the sum of the zs, adding pairwise from left to right. If no arguments are provided, the result is 0.

Examples:

> (+ 1 2)
3
> (+ 1.0 2+3i 5)
8.0+3.0i
> (+)
0

procedure
(- z) → number?
  z : number?
(- z w ...+) → number?
  z : number?
  w : number?

When no ws are supplied, returns (- 0 z). Otherwise, returns the subtraction of the ws from z working pairwise from left to right.

Examples:

> (- 5 3.0)
2.0
> (- 1)
-1
> (- 2+7i 1 3)
-2+7i

procedure
(* z ...) → number?
z : number?

Returns the product of the zs, multiplying pairwise from left to right. If no arguments are provided, the result is 1. Multiplying any number by exact 0 produces exact 0.

Examples:

> (* 2 3)
6
> (* 8.0 9)
72.0
> (* 1+2i 3+4i)
-5+10i

procedure
(/ z) → number?
  z : number?
(/ z w ...+) → number?
  z : number?
  w : number?

When no ws are supplied, returns (/ 1 z). Otherwise, returns the division of z by the ws working pairwise from left to right.

If z is exact 0 and no w is exact 0, then the result is exact 0. If any w is exact 0, the exn:fail:contract:divide-by-zero exception is raised.

Examples:

> (/ 3 4)
3/4
> (/ 81 3 3)
9
> (/ 10.0)
0.1
> (/ 1+2i 3+4i)
11/25+2/25i

procedure
(quotient n m) → integer?
n : integer?
m : integer?

Returns (truncate (/ n m)).

Examples:

> (quotient 10 3)
3
> (quotient -10.0 3)
-3.0
> (quotient +inf.0 3)
quotient: contract violation
  expected: integer?
  given: +inf.0
  argument position: 1st
  other arguments...:
   3

procedure
(remainder n m) → integer?
n : integer?
m : integer?

Returns q with the same sign as n such that

(abs q) is between 0 (inclusive) and (abs m) (exclusive), and
(+ q (* m (quotient n m))) equals n.

If m is exact 0, the exn:fail:contract:divide-by-zero exception is raised.

Examples:

> (remainder 10 3)
1
> (remainder -10.0 3)
-1.0
> (remainder 10.0 -3)
1.0
> (remainder -10 -3)
-1
> (remainder +inf.0 3)
remainder: contract violation
  expected: integer?
  given: +inf.0
  argument position: 1st
  other arguments...:
   3

procedure
(quotient/remainder n m) →
integer? integer?
n : integer?
m : integer?

Returns (values (quotient n m) (remainder n m)), but the combination may be computed more efficiently than separate calls to quotient and remainder.

Example:

> (quotient/remainder 10 3)
3
1

procedure
(modulo n m) → integer?
n : integer?
m : integer?

Returns q with the same sign as m where

(abs q) is between 0 (inclusive) and (abs m) (exclusive), and
the difference between q and (- n (* m (quotient n m))) is a multiple of m.

If m is exact 0, the exn:fail:contract:divide-by-zero exception is raised.

Examples:

> (modulo 10 3)
1
> (modulo -10.0 3)
2.0
> (modulo 10.0 -3)
-2.0
> (modulo -10 -3)
-1
> (modulo +inf.0 3)
modulo: contract violation
  expected: integer?
  given: +inf.0
  argument position: 1st
  other arguments...:
   3

procedure
(add1 z) → number?
z : number?

Returns (+ z 1).

procedure
(sub1 z) → number?
z : number?

Returns (- z 1).

procedure
(abs x) → number?
x : real?

Returns the absolute value of x.

Examples:

> (abs 1.0)
1.0
> (abs -1)
1

procedure
(max x ...+) → real?
x : real?

Returns the largest of the xs, or +nan.0 if any x is +nan.0. If any x is inexact, the result is coerced to inexact.

Examples:

> (max 1 3 2)
3
> (max 1 3 2.0)
3.0

procedure
(min x ...+) → real?
x : real?

Returns the smallest of the xs, or +nan.0 if any x is +nan.0. If any x is inexact, the result is coerced to inexact.

Examples:

> (min 1 3 2)
1
> (min 1 3 2.0)
1.0

procedure
(gcd n ...) → rational?
n : rational?

Returns the greatest common divisor (a non-negative number) of the ns; for non-integer ns, the result is the gcd of the numerators divided by the lcm of the denominators. If no arguments are provided, the result is 0. If all arguments are zero, the result is zero.

Examples:

> (gcd 10)
10
> (gcd 12 81.0)
3.0
> (gcd 1/2 1/3)
1/6

procedure
(lcm n ...) → rational?
n : rational?

Returns the least common multiple (a non-negative number) of the ns; non-integer ns, the result is the absolute value of the product divided by the gcd. If no arguments are provided, the result is 1. If any argument is zero, the result is zero; furthermore, if any argument is exact 0, the result is exact 0.

Examples:

> (lcm 10)
10
> (lcm 3 4.0)
12.0
> (lcm 1/2 2/3)
2

procedure
(round x) → (or/c integer? +inf.0 -inf.0 +nan.0)
x : real?

Returns the integer closest to x, resolving ties in favor of an even number, but +inf.0, -inf.0, and +nan.0 round to themselves.

Examples:

> (round 17/4)
4
> (round -17/4)
-4
> (round 2.5)
2.0
> (round -2.5)
-2.0
> (round +inf.0)
+inf.0

procedure
(floor x) → (or/c integer? +inf.0 -inf.0 +nan.0)
x : real?

Returns the largest integer that is no more than x, but +inf.0, -inf.0, and +nan.0 floor to themselves.

Examples:

> (floor 17/4)
4
> (floor -17/4)
-5
> (floor 2.5)
2.0
> (floor -2.5)
-3.0
> (floor +inf.0)
+inf.0

procedure
(ceiling x) → (or/c integer? +inf.0 -inf.0 +nan.0)
x : real?

Returns the smallest integer that is at least as large as x, but +inf.0, -inf.0, and +nan.0 ceiling to themselves.

Examples:

> (ceiling 17/4)
5
> (ceiling -17/4)
-4
> (ceiling 2.5)
3.0
> (ceiling -2.5)
-2.0
> (ceiling +inf.0)
+inf.0

procedure
(truncate x) → (or/c integer? +inf.0 -inf.0 +nan.0)
x : real?

Returns the integer farthest from 0 that is not farther from 0 than x, but +inf.0, -inf.0, and +nan.0 truncate to themselves.

Examples:

> (truncate 17/4)
4
> (truncate -17/4)
-4
> (truncate 2.5)
2.0
> (truncate -2.5)
-2.0
> (truncate +inf.0)
+inf.0

procedure
(numerator q) → integer?
q : rational?

Coerces q to an exact number, finds the numerator of the number expressed in its simplest fractional form, and returns this number coerced to the exactness of q.

Examples:

> (numerator 5)
5
> (numerator 17/4)
17
> (numerator 2.3)
2589569785738035.0

procedure
(denominator q) → integer?
q : rational?

Coerces q to an exact number, finds the numerator of the number expressed in its simplest fractional form, and returns this number coerced to the exactness of q.

Examples:

> (denominator 5)
1
> (denominator 17/4)
4
> (denominator 2.3)
1125899906842624.0

procedure
(rationalize x tolerance) → real?
x : real?
tolerance : real?

Among the real numbers within (abs tolerance) of x, returns the one corresponding to an exact number whose denominator is the smallest. If multiple integers are within tolerance of x, the one closest to 0 is used.

Examples:

> (rationalize 1/4 1/10)
1/3
> (rationalize -1/4 1/10)
-1/3
> (rationalize 1/4 1/4)
0
> (rationalize 11/40 1/4)
1/2

4.2.2.2 Number Comparison

procedure
(= z w ...+) → boolean?
z : number?
w : number?

Returns #t if all of the arguments are numerically equal, #f otherwise. An inexact number is numerically equal to an exact number when the exact coercion of the inexact number is the exact number. Also, 0.0 and -0.0 are numerically equal, but +nan.0 is not numerically equal to itself.

Examples:

> (= 1 1.0)
#t
> (= 1 2)
#f
> (= 2+3i 2+3i 2+3i)
#t

procedure
(< x y ...+) → boolean?
x : real?
y : real?

Returns #t if the arguments in the given order are strictly increasing, #f otherwise.

Examples:

> (< 1 1)
#f
> (< 1 2 3)
#t
> (< 1 +inf.0)
#t
> (< 1 +nan.0)
#f

procedure
(<= x y ...+) → boolean?
x : real?
y : real?

Returns #t if the arguments in the given order are non-decreasing, #f otherwise.

Examples:

> (<= 1 1)
#t
> (<= 1 2 1)
#f

procedure
(> x y ...+) → boolean?
x : real?
y : real?

Returns #t if the arguments in the given order are strictly decreasing, #f otherwise.

Examples:

> (> 1 1)
#f
> (> 3 2 1)
#t
> (> +inf.0 1)
#t
> (> +nan.0 1)
#f

procedure
(>= x y ...+) → boolean?
x : real?
y : real?

Returns #t if the arguments in the given order are non-increasing, #f otherwise.

Examples:

> (>= 1 1)
#t
> (>= 1 2 1)
#f

4.2.2.3 Powers and Roots

procedure
(sqrt z) → number?
z : number?

Returns the principal square root of z. The result is exact if z is exact and z’s square root is rational. See also integer-sqrt.

Examples:

> (sqrt 4/9)
2/3
> (sqrt 2)
1.4142135623730951
> (sqrt -1)
0+1i

procedure
(integer-sqrt n) → complex?
n : integer?

Returns (floor (sqrt n)) for positive n. The result is exact if n is exact. For negative n, the result is (* (integer-sqrt (- n)) 0+1i).

Examples:

> (integer-sqrt 4.0)
2.0
> (integer-sqrt 5)
2
> (integer-sqrt -4.0)
0+2.0i
> (integer-sqrt -4)
0+2i

procedure
(integer-sqrt/remainder n) →
complex? integer?
n : integer?

Returns (integer-sqrt n) and (- n (expt (integer-sqrt n) 2)).

Examples:

> (integer-sqrt/remainder 4.0)
2.0
0.0
> (integer-sqrt/remainder 5)
2
1

procedure
(expt z w) → number?
z : number?
w : number?

Returns z raised to the power of w.

If w is exact 0, the result is exact 1. If w is 0.0 or -0.0 and z is a real number, the result is 1.0 (even if z is +nan.0).

If z is exact 1, the result is exact 1. If z is 1.0 and w is a real number, the result is 1.0 (even if w is +nan.0).

If z is exact 0 and w is negative, the exn:fail:contract:divide-by-zero exception is raised.

Further special cases when w is a real number: These special cases correspond to pow in C99 [C99], except when z is negative and w is a not an integer.

(expt 0.0 w):
- w is negative — +inf.0
- w is positive — 0.0
(expt -0.0 w):
- w is negative:
  - w is an odd integer — -inf.0
  - w otherwise rational — +inf.0
- w is positive:
  - w is an odd integer — -0.0
  - w otherwise rational — 0.0
(expt z -inf.0) for positive z:
- z is less than 1.0 — +inf.0
- z is greater than 1.0 — 0.0
(expt z +inf.0) for positive z:
- z is less than 1.0 — 0.0
- z is greater than 1.0 — +inf.0
(expt -inf.0 w) for integer w:
- w is negative:
  - w is odd — -0.0
  - w is even — 0.0
- w is positive:
  - w is odd — -inf.0
  - w is even — +inf.0
(expt +inf.0 w):
- w is negative — 0.0
- w is positive — +inf.0

Examples:

> (expt 2 3)
8
> (expt 4 0.5)
2.0
> (expt +inf.0 0)
1

procedure
(exp z) → number?
z : number?

Returns Euler’s number raised to the power of z. The result is normally inexact, but it is exact 1 when z is an exact 0.

Examples:

> (exp 1)
2.718281828459045
> (exp 2+3i)
-7.315110094901103+1.0427436562359045i
> (exp 0)
1

procedure
(log z) → number?
z : number?

Returns the natural logarithm of z. The result is normally inexact, but it is exact 0 when z is an exact 1. When z is exact 0, exn:fail:contract:divide-by-zero exception is raised.

Examples:

> (log (exp 1))
1.0
> (log 2+3i)
1.2824746787307684+0.982793723247329i
> (log 1)
0

4.2.2.4 Trigonometric Functions

procedure
(sin z) → number?
z : number?

Returns the sine of z, where z is in radians. The result is normally inexact, but it is exact 0 if z is exact 0.

Examples:

> (sin 3.14159)
2.65358979335273e-06
> (sin 1.0+5.0i)
62.44551846769653+40.0921657779984i

procedure
(cos z) → number?
z : number?

Returns the cosine of z, where z is in radians.

Examples:

> (cos 3.14159)
-0.9999999999964793
> (cos 1.0+5.0i)
40.095806306298826-62.43984868079963i

procedure
(tan z) → number?
z : number?

Returns the tangent of z, where z is in radians. The result is normally inexact, but it is exact 0 if z is exact 0.

Examples:

> (tan 0.7854)
1.0000036732118496
> (tan 1.0+5.0i)
8.256719834227411e-05+1.0000377833796008i

procedure
(asin z) → number?
z : number?

Returns the arcsine in radians of z. The result is normally inexact, but it is exact 0 if z is exact 0.

Examples:

> (asin 0.25)
0.25268025514207865
> (asin 1.0+5.0i)
0.1937931365549321+2.3309746530493123i

procedure
(acos z) → number?
z : number?

Returns the arccosine in radians of z.

Examples:

> (acos 0.25)
1.318116071652818
> (acos 1.0+5.0i)
1.3770031902399644-2.3309746530493123i

procedure
(atan z) → number?
  z : number?
(atan y x) → number?
  y : real?
  x : real?

In the one-argument case, returns the arctangent of the inexact approximation of z, except that the result is an exact 0 for an exact 0 argument.

In the two-argument case, the result is roughly the same as (atan (/ (exact->inexact y)) (exact->inexact x)), but the signs of y and x determine the quadrant of the result. Moreover, a suitable angle is returned when y divided by x produces +nan.0 in the case that neither y nor x is +nan.0. Finally, if y is exact 0 and x is an exact positive number, the result is exact 0. If both x and y are exact 0, the exn:fail:contract:divide-by-zero exception is raised.

Examples:

> (atan 0.5)
0.4636476090008061
> (atan 2 1)
1.1071487177940904
> (atan -2 -1)
-2.0344439357957027
> (atan 1.0+5.0i)
1.530881333938778+0.19442614214700213i
> (atan +inf.0 -inf.0)
2.356194490192345

4.2.2.5 Complex Numbers

procedure
(make-rectangular x y) → number?
x : real?
y : real?

Returns (+ x (* y 0+1i)).

Example:

> (make-rectangular 3 4.0)
3.0+4.0i

procedure
(make-polar magnitude angle) → number?
magnitude : real?
angle : real?

Returns (+ (* magnitude (cos angle)) (* magnitude (sin angle) 0+1i)).

Examples:

> (make-polar 10 (* pi 1/2))
6.123233995736766e-16+10.0i
> (make-polar 10 (* pi 1/4))
7.0710678118654755+7.071067811865475i

procedure
(real-part z) → real?
z : number?

Returns the real part of the complex number z in rectangle coordinates.

Examples:

> (real-part 3+4i)
3
> (real-part 5.0)
5.0

procedure
(imag-part z) → real?
z : number?

Returns the imaginary part of the complex number z in rectangle coordinates.

Examples:

> (imag-part 3+4i)
4
> (imag-part 5.0)
0
> (imag-part 5.0+0.0i)
0.0

procedure
(magnitude z) → (and/c real? (not/c negative?))
z : number?

Returns the magnitude of the complex number z in polar coordinates.

Examples:

> (magnitude -3)
3
> (magnitude 3.0)
3.0
> (magnitude 3+4i)
5

procedure
(angle z) → real?
z : number?

Returns the angle of the complex number z in polar coordinates.

The result is guaranteed to be between (- pi) and pi, possibly equal to pi (but never equal to (- pi)).

Examples:

> (angle -3)
3.141592653589793
> (angle 3.0)
0
> (angle 3+4i)
0.9272952180016122
> (angle +inf.0+inf.0i)
0.7853981633974483
> (angle -1)
3.141592653589793

4.2.2.6 Bitwise Operations

procedure
(bitwise-ior n ...) → exact-integer?
n : exact-integer?

Returns the bitwise “inclusive or” of the ns in their (semi-infinite) two’s complement representation. If no arguments are provided, the result is 0.

Examples:

> (bitwise-ior 1 2)
3
> (bitwise-ior -32 1)
-31

procedure
(bitwise-and n ...) → exact-integer?
n : exact-integer?

Returns the bitwise “and” of the ns in their (semi-infinite) two’s complement representation. If no arguments are provided, the result is -1.

Examples:

> (bitwise-and 1 2)
0
> (bitwise-and -32 -1)
-32

procedure
(bitwise-xor n ...) → exact-integer?
n : exact-integer?

Returns the bitwise “exclusive or” of the ns in their (semi-infinite) two’s complement representation. If no arguments are provided, the result is 0.

Examples:

> (bitwise-xor 1 5)
4
> (bitwise-xor -32 -1)
31

procedure
(bitwise-not n) → exact-integer?
n : exact-integer?

Returns the bitwise “not” of n in its (semi-infinite) two’s complement representation.

Examples:

> (bitwise-not 5)
-6
> (bitwise-not -1)
0

procedure
(bitwise-bit-set? n m) → boolean?
n : exact-integer?
m : exact-nonnegative-integer?

Returns #t when the mth bit of n is set in n’s (semi-infinite) two’s complement representation.

This operation is equivalent to (not (zero? (bitwise-and n (arithmetic-shift 1 m)))), but it is faster and runs in constant time when n is positive.

Examples:

> (bitwise-bit-set? 5 0)
#t
> (bitwise-bit-set? 5 2)
#t
> (bitwise-bit-set? -5 (expt 2 700))
#t

procedure
(bitwise-bit-field n start end) → exact-integer?
  n : exact-integer?
  start : exact-nonnegative-integer?
   end :
(and/c exact-nonnegative-integer?
       (start . <= . end))

Extracts the bits between position start and (- end 1) (inclusive) from n and shifts them down to the least significant portion of the number.

This operation is equivalent to the computation

(bitwise-and (sub1 (arithmetic-shift 1 (- end start)))
(arithmetic-shift n (- start)))

but it runs in constant time when n is positive, start and end are fixnums, and (- end start) is no more than the maximum width of a fixnum.

Each pair of examples below uses the same numbers, showing the result both in binary and as integers.

Examples:

> (format "~b" (bitwise-bit-field (string->number "1101" 2) 1 1))
"0"
> (bitwise-bit-field 13 1 1)
0
> (format "~b" (bitwise-bit-field (string->number "1101" 2) 1 3))
"10"
> (bitwise-bit-field 13 1 3)
2
> (format "~b" (bitwise-bit-field (string->number "1101" 2) 1 4))
"110"
> (bitwise-bit-field 13 1 4)
6

procedure
(arithmetic-shift n m) → exact-integer?
n : exact-integer?
m : exact-integer?

Returns the bitwise “shift” of n in its (semi-infinite) two’s complement representation. If m is non-negative, the integer n is shifted left by m bits; i.e., m new zeros are introduced as rightmost digits. If m is negative, n is shifted right by (- m) bits; i.e., the rightmost m digits are dropped.

Examples:

> (arithmetic-shift 1 10)
1024
> (arithmetic-shift 255 -3)
31

procedure
(integer-length n) → exact-integer?
n : exact-integer?

Returns the number of bits in the (semi-infinite) two’s complement representation of n after removing all leading zeros (for non-negative n) or ones (for negative n).

Examples:

> (integer-length 8)
4
> (integer-length -8)
3

4.2.2.7 Random Numbers

procedure
(random k [rand-gen]) → exact-nonnegative-integer?
  k : (integer-in 1 4294967087)
   rand-gen : pseudo-random-generator?
= (current-pseudo-random-generator)
(random [rand-gen]) → (and/c real? inexact? (>/c 0) (</c 1))
   rand-gen : pseudo-random-generator?
= (current-pseudo-random-generator)

When called with an integer argument k, returns a random exact integer in the range 0 to k-1. When called with zero arguments, returns a random inexact number between 0 and 1, exclusive.

In each case, the number is provided by the given pseudo-random number generator (which defaults to the current one, as produced by current-pseudo-random-generator). The generator maintains an internal state for generating numbers. The random number generator uses a 54-bit version of L’Ecuyer’s MRG32k3a algorithm [L'Ecuyer02].

procedure
(random-seed k) → void?
k : (integer-in 1 (sub1 (expt 2 31)))

Seeds the current pseudo-random number generator with k. Seeding a generator sets its internal state deterministically; that is, seeding a generator with a particular number forces it to produce a sequence of pseudo-random numbers that is the same across runs and across platforms.

The random-seed function is convenient for some purposes, but note that the space of states for a pseudo-random number generator is much larger that the space of allowed values for k. Use vector->pseudo-random-generator! to set a pseudo-random number generator to any of its possible states.

procedure
(make-pseudo-random-generator) → pseudo-random-generator?

Returns a new pseudo-random number generator. The new generator is seeded with a number derived from (current-milliseconds).

procedure
(pseudo-random-generator? v) → boolean?
v : any/c

Returns #t if v is a pseudo-random number generator, #f otherwise.

parameter
(current-pseudo-random-generator) → pseudo-random-generator?
(current-pseudo-random-generator rand-gen) → void?
rand-gen : pseudo-random-generator?

A parameter that determines the pseudo-random number generator used by random.

procedure
(pseudo-random-generator->vector rand-gen)
→ pseudo-random-generator-vector?
rand-gen : pseudo-random-generator?

Produces a vector that represents the complete internal state of rand-gen. The vector is suitable as an argument to vector->pseudo-random-generator to recreate the generator in its current state (across runs and across platforms).

procedure
(vector->pseudo-random-generator vec)
→ pseudo-random-generator?
vec : pseudo-random-generator-vector?

Produces a pseudo-random number generator whose internal state corresponds to vec.

procedure
(vector->pseudo-random-generator! rand-gen
vec) → void?
rand-gen : pseudo-random-generator?
vec : pseudo-random-generator-vector?

Like vector->pseudo-random-generator, but changes rand-gen to the given state, instead of creating a new generator.

procedure
(pseudo-random-generator-vector? v) → boolean?
v : any/c

Returns #t if v is a vector of six exact integers, where the first three integers are in the range 0 to 4294967086, inclusive; the last three integers are in the range 0 to 4294944442, inclusive; at least one of the first three integers is non-zero; and at least one of the last three integers is non-zero. Otherwise, the result is #f.

4.2.2.8 Number–String Conversions

procedure
(number->string z [radix]) → string?
z : number?
radix : (or/c 2 8 10 16) = 10

Returns a string that is the printed form of z in the base specified by radix. If z is inexact, radix must be 10, otherwise the exn:fail:contract exception is raised.

Examples:

> (number->string 3.0)
"3.0"
> (number->string 255 8)
"377"

procedure
(string->number s [radix]) → (or/c number? #f)
s : string?
radix : (integer-in 2 16) = 10

Reads and returns a number datum from s (see Reading Numbers), returning #f if s does not parse exactly as a number datum (with no whitespace). The optional radix argument specifies the default base for the number, which can be overridden by #b, #o, #d, or #x in the string. The read-decimal-as-inexact parameter affects string->number in the same as way as read.

Examples:

> (string->number "3.0+2.5i")
3.0+2.5i
> (string->number "hello")
#f
> (string->number "111" 7)
57
> (string->number "#b111" 7)
7

procedure
(real->decimal-string n [decimal-digits]) → string?
n : real?
decimal-digits : exact-nonnegative-integer? = 2

Prints n into a string and returns the string. The printed form of n shows exactly decimal-digits digits after the decimal point. The printed form uses a minus sign if n is negative, and it does not use a plus sign if n is positive.

Before printing, n is converted to an exact number, multiplied by (expt 10 decimal-digits), rounded, and then divided again by (expt 10 decimal-digits). The result of this process is an exact number whose decimal representation has no more than decimal-digits digits after the decimal (and it is padded with trailing zeros if necessary).

Examples:

> (real->decimal-string pi)
"3.14"
> (real->decimal-string pi 5)
"3.14159"

procedure
(integer-bytes->integer bstr
signed?
[ big-endian?
start
end]) → exact-integer?
  bstr : bytes?
  signed? : any/c
  big-endian? : any/c = (system-big-endian?)
  start : exact-nonnegative-integer? = 0
  end : exact-nonnegative-integer? = (bytes-length bstr)

Converts the machine-format number encoded in bstr to an exact integer. The start and end arguments specify the substring to decode, where (- end start) must be 2, 4, or 8. If signed? is true, then the bytes are decoded as a two’s-complement number, otherwise it is decoded as an unsigned integer. If big-endian? is true, then the first character’s ASCII value provides the most significant eight bits of the number, otherwise the first character provides the least-significant eight bits, and so on.

procedure
(integer->integer-bytes n
size-n
signed?
[ big-endian?
dest-bstr
start]) → bytes?
  n : exact-integer?
  size-n : (or/c 2 4 8)
  signed? : any/c
  big-endian? : any/c = (system-big-endian?)
   dest-bstr : (and/c bytes? (not/c immutable?))
= (make-bytes size-n)
  start : exact-nonnegative-integer? = 0

Converts the exact integer n to a machine-format number encoded in a byte string of length size-n, which must be 2, 4, or 8. If signed? is true, then the number is encoded as two’s complement, otherwise it is encoded as an unsigned bit stream. If big-endian? is true, then the most significant eight bits of the number are encoded in the first character of the resulting byte string, otherwise the least-significant bits are encoded in the first byte, and so on.

The dest-bstr argument must be a mutable byte string of length size-n. The encoding of n is written into dest-bstr starting at offset start, and dest-bstr is returned as the result.

If n cannot be encoded in a string of the requested size and format, the exn:fail:contract exception is raised. If dest-bstr is not of length size-n, the exn:fail:contract exception is raised.

procedure
(floating-point-bytes->real bstr
[ big-endian?
start
end]) → flonum?
  bstr : bytes?
  big-endian? : any/c = (system-big-endian?)
  start : exact-nonnegative-integer? = 0
  end : exact-nonnegative-integer? = (bytes-length bstr)

Converts the IEEE floating-point number encoded in bstr from position start (inclusive) to end (exclusive) to an inexact real number. The difference between start an end must be either 4 or 8 bytes. If big-endian? is true, then the first byte’s ASCII value provides the most significant eight bits of the IEEE representation, otherwise the first byte provides the least-significant eight bits, and so on.

procedure
(real->floating-point-bytes x
size-n
[ big-endian?
dest-bstr
start]) → bytes?
  x : real?
  size-n : (or/c 4 8)
  big-endian? : any/c = (system-big-endian?)
   dest-bstr : (and/c bytes? (not/c immutable?))
= (make-bytes size-n)
  start : exact-nonnegative-integer? = 0

Converts the real number x to its IEEE representation in a byte string of length size-n, which must be 4 or 8. If big-endian? is true, then the most significant eight bits of the number are encoded in the first byte of the resulting byte string, otherwise the least-significant bits are encoded in the first character, and so on.

The dest-bstr argument must be a mutable byte string of length size-n. The encoding of n is written into dest-bstr starting with byte start, and dest-bstr is returned as the result.

If dest-bstr is provided and it has less than start plus size-n bytes, the exn:fail:contract exception is raised.

procedure
(system-big-endian?) → boolean?

Returns #t if the native encoding of numbers is big-endian for the machine running Racket, #f if the native encoding is little-endian.

4.2.2.9 Extra Constants and Functions

(require racket/math)

package: base

The bindings documented in this section are provided by the racket/math and racket libraries, but not racket/base.

value
pi : flonum?

An approximation of π, the ratio of a circle’s circumference to its diameter.

Examples:

> pi
3.141592653589793
> (cos pi)
-1.0

value
pi.f : single-flonum?

Like pi, but in single precision.

Examples:

> pi.f
3.1415927f0
> (* 2.0f0 pi)
6.283185307179586
> (* 2.0f0 pi.f)
6.2831855f0

procedure
(degrees->radians x) → real?
x : real?

Converts an x-degree angle to radians.

Examples:

> (degrees->radians 180)
3.141592653589793
> (sin (degrees->radians 45))
0.7071067811865475

procedure
(radians->degrees x) → real?
x : real?

Converts x radians to degrees.

Examples:

> (radians->degrees pi)
180.0
> (radians->degrees (* 1/4 pi))
45.0

procedure
(sqr z) → number?
z : number?

Returns (* z z).

procedure
(sgn x) → (or/c 1 0 -1 1.0 0.0 -1.0)
x : real?

Returns the sign of x as either -1, 0, or 1.

Examples:

> (sgn 10)
1
> (sgn -10.0)
-1.0
> (sgn 0)
0

procedure
(conjugate z) → number?
z : number?

Returns the complex conjugate of z.

Examples:

> (conjugate 1)
1
> (conjugate 3+4i)
3-4i

procedure
(sinh z) → number?
z : number?

Returns the hyperbolic sine of z.

procedure
(cosh z) → number?
z : number?

Returns the hyperbolic cosine of z.

procedure
(tanh z) → number?
z : number?

Returns the hyperbolic tangent of z.

procedure
(exact-round x) → exact-integer?
x : rational?

Equivalent to (inexact->exact (round x)).

procedure
(exact-floor x) → exact-integer?
x : rational?

Equivalent to (inexact->exact (floor x)).

procedure
(exact-ceiling x) → exact-integer?
x : rational?

Equivalent to (inexact->exact (ceiling x)).

procedure
(exact-truncate x) → exact-integer?
x : rational?

Equivalent to (inexact->exact (truncate x)).

procedure
(order-of-magnitude r) → (and/c exact? integer?)
r : (and/c real? positive?)

Computes the greatest exact integer m such that:

(<= (expt 10 m)
(inexact->exact r))

Hence also:

(< (inexact->exact r)
(expt 10 (add1 m)))

Examples:

> (order-of-magnitude 999)
2
> (order-of-magnitude 1000)
3
> (order-of-magnitude 1/100)
-2
> (order-of-magnitude 1/101)
-3

procedure
(nan? x) → boolean?
x : real?

Returns #t if x is eqv? to +nan.0 or +nan.f; otherwise #f.

procedure
(infinite? x) → boolean?
x : real?

Returns #t if z is +inf.0, -inf.0, +inf.f, -inf.f; otherwise #f.

top ← prev up next →

1	Language Model
2	Notation for Documentation
3	Syntactic Forms
4	Datatypes
5	Structures
6	Classes and Objects
7	Units
8	Contracts
9	Pattern Matching
10	Control Flow
11	Concurrency and Parallelism
12	Macros
13	Input and Output
14	Reflection and Security
15	Operating System
16	Memory Management
17	Unsafe Operations
18	Running Racket
	Bibliography
	Index

4.1	Booleans and Equality
4.2	Numbers
4.3	Strings
4.4	Byte Strings
4.5	Characters
4.6	Symbols
4.7	Regular Expressions
4.8	Keywords
4.9	Pairs and Lists
4.10	Mutable Pairs and Lists
4.11	Vectors
4.12	Boxes
4.13	Hash Tables
4.14	Sequences and Streams
4.15	Dictionaries
4.16	Sets
4.17	Procedures
4.18	Void
4.19	Undefined

4.2.1	Number Types
4.2.2	Generic Numerics
4.2.3	Flonums
4.2.4	Fixnums
4.2.5	Extflonums

4.2.2.1	Arithmetic
4.2.2.2	Number Comparison
4.2.2.3	Powers and Roots
4.2.2.4	Trigonometric Functions
4.2.2.5	Complex Numbers
4.2.2.6	Bitwise Operations
4.2.2.7	Random Numbers
4.2.2.8	Number–String Conversions
4.2.2.9	Extra Constants and Functions