by Olin Shivers
This copy of the SRFI 13 specification document is distributed as part of the Racket package srfi-doc.
The canonical source of this document is https://srfi.schemers.org/srfi-13/srfi-13.html.
This SRFI is currently in final status. Here is an explanation of each status that a SRFI can hold. To provide input on this SRFI, please send email to srfi-13@nospamsrfi.schemers.org. To subscribe to the list, follow these instructions. You can access previous messages via the mailing list archive.
R5RS Scheme has an impoverished set of string-processing utilities, which is a problem for authors of portable code. This SRFI proposes a coherent and comprehensive set of string-processing procedures; it is accompanied by a reference implementation of the spec. The reference implementation is
The routines in this SRFI are backwards-compatible with the string-processing routines of R5RS.
Here is a list of the procedures provided by the string-lib and string-lib-internals packages. R5RS procedures are shown in bold; extended R5RS procedures, in bold italic.
string? string-null? string-every string-any
make-string string string-tabulate
string->list list->string reverse-list->string string-join
string-length string-ref string-copy substring/shared string-copy! string-take string-take-right string-drop string-drop-right string-pad string-pad-right string-trim string-trim-right string-trim-both
string-set! string-fill!
string-compare string-compare-ci string<> string= string< string> string<= string>= string-ci<> string-ci= string-ci< string-ci> string-ci<= string-ci>= string-hash string-hash-ci
string-prefix-length string-suffix-length string-prefix-length-ci string-suffix-length-ci string-prefix? string-suffix? string-prefix-ci? string-suffix-ci?
string-index string-index-right string-skip string-skip-right string-count string-contains string-contains-ci
string-titlecase string-upcase string-downcase string-titlecase! string-upcase! string-downcase!
string-reverse string-reverse! string-append string-concatenate string-concatenate/shared string-append/shared string-concatenate-reverse string-concatenate-reverse/shared
string-map string-map! string-fold string-fold-right string-unfold string-unfold-right string-for-each string-for-each-index
xsubstring string-xcopy!
string-replace string-tokenize
string-filter string-delete
string-parse-start+end string-parse-final-start+end let-string-start+end check-substring-spec substring-spec-ok? make-kmp-restart-vector kmp-step string-kmp-partial-search
This SRFI defines two libraries that provide a rich set of operations for manipulating strings. These are frequently useful for scripting and other text-manipulation applications. The library's design was influenced by the string libraries found in MIT Scheme, Gambit, RScheme, MzScheme, slib, Common Lisp, Bigloo, guile, Chez, APL, Java, and the SML standard basis.
All procedures involving character comparison are available in both case-sensitive and case-insensitive forms.
All functionality is available in substring and full-string forms.
This SRFI considers strings simply to be a sequence of "code points" or character encodings. Operations such as comparison or reversal are always done code point by code point. See the comments below on super-ASCII character types for implications that follow.
It's entirely possible that a legal string might not be a sensible "text" sequence. For example, consider a string comprised entirely of zero-width Unicode accent characters with no preceding base character to modify -- this is a legal string, albeit one that does not make a great deal of sense when interpreted as a sequence of natural-language text. The routines in this SRFI do not handle these "text" concerns; they restrict themselves to the underlying view of strings as merely a sequence of "code points."
This SRFI defines string operations that are locale- and context-independent. While it is certainly important to have a locale-sensitive comparison or collation procedure when processing text, it is also important to have a suite of operations that are reliably invariant for basic string processing --- otherwise, a change of locale could cause data structures such as hash tables, b-trees, symbol tables, directories of filenames, etc. to become corrupted.
Locale- and context-sensitive text operations, such as collation, are explicitly deferred to a subsequent, companion "text" SRFI.
The major issue confronting this SRFI is the existence of super-ASCII character encodings, such as eight-bit Latin-1 or 16- and 32-bit Unicode. It is a design goal of this SRFI for the API to be portable across string implementations based on at least these three standard encodings. Unfortunately, this places strong limitations on the API design. Here are some relevant issues. Be warned that life in a super-ASCII world is significantly more complex; there are no easy answers for many of these issues.
Upper- and lower-casing characters is complex in super-ASCII encodings.
char-upcase is not well-defined,
since it is defined to produce a (single) character result.
string-upcase! procedure cannot be reliably
defined, since the original string may not be long enough to contain
the result -- an N-character string might upcase to a 2N-character result.
char-downcase function.
The Unicode Consortium's web site
has detailed discussions of the issues. See in particular technical report 21 on case mappings
SRFI 13 makes no attempt to deal with these issues; it uses a simple 1-1 locale- and context-independent case-mapping, specifically Unicode's 1-1 case-mappings given in
The format of this file is explained in
Note that this means that German eszet upper-cases to itself, not "SS".
Case-mapping and case-folding operations in SRFI 13 are locale-independent so that shifting locales won't wreck hash tables, b-trees, symbol tables, etc.
Comparing strings for equality is complicated because in some cases Unicode actually provides multiple encodings for the "same" character, and because what we usually think of as a "character" can be represented in Unicode as a sequence of several code-points. For example, consider the letter "e" with an acute accent. There is a single Unicode character for this. However, Unicode also allows one to represent this with a two-character sequence: the "e" character followed by a zero-width acute-accent character. As another example, Unicode provides some Asian characters in "narrow" and "full" widths.
There are multiple ways we might want to compare strings for equality. In (roughly) decreasing order of precision,
This library does not address these complexities. SRFI 13 string equality is simply based upon comparing the encoding values used for the characters. Accent-insensitive and other types of comparison are not provided; only a simple form of case-insensitive comparison is provided, which uses the 1-1 case mappings specified by Unicode in
These are adequate for "program" or "systems" use of strings (e.g., to manipulate program identifiers and operating-system filenames).
Above and beyond the issues arising in string-equality, when we attempt to order strings there are even further considerations.
Unicode defines a complex set of machinery for ordering or "collating" strings, which involves mapping each string to a multi-byte sort key, and then doing simple lexicographic sorting with these keys. These rules can be overlaid by additional domain- or language-specific rules. Again, this SRFI does not address these issues. SRFI 13 string ordering is strictly based upon a character-by-character comparison of the values used for representing the string.
This library contains a large number of procedures, but they follow a consistent naming scheme, and are consistent with the conventions developed in SRFI 1. The names are composed of smaller lexemes in a regular way that exposes the structure and relationships between the procedures. This should help the programmer to recall or reconstitute the name of the particular procedure that he needs when writing his own code. In particular
| Direction | Suffix | |
|---|---|---|
| left-to-right | none | |
| right-to-left | -right | |
| both | -both |
Some Scheme implementations, e.g. guile and T, provide ways to construct substrings that share storage with other strings. This facility is called "shared-text substrings." Shared-text substrings can be used to eliminate the allocation and copying time and space required to produce substrings, which can be a tremendous savings for some applications, reducing a linear-time operation to constant time. Additionally, some algorithms rely on the sharing property of these substrings -- the application assumes that if the underlying storage is mutated, then all strings sharing that storage will show the change. However, shared-text substrings are not a common feature; most Scheme implementations do not provide them.
SRFI 13 takes a middle ground with respect to shared-text substrings. In particular, a Scheme implementation does not need to have shared-text substrings in order to implement this SRFI.
There is an additional form of storage sharing enabled by some SRFI 13
procedures, even without the benefit of shared-text substrings. In
some cases, some SRFI 13 routines are allowed to return as a result one
of the strings that was passed in as a parameter. For example, when
constructing a substring with the substring/shared procedure, if the
requested substring is the entire string, the procedure is permitted
simply to return the original value. That is,
(eq? s (substring/shared s 0 (string-length s))) => true or false
whereas the R5RS
substring function is required to allocate a fresh copy
(eq? s (substring s 0 (string-length s))) => false.
In keeping with SRFI 13's general approach to sharing, compliant implementations are allowed, but not required, to provide this kind of sharing. Hence, procedures may not rely upon sharing in these cases.
Most procedures that permit results to share storage with inputs have equivalent procedures that require allocating fresh storage for results. If an application wishes to be sure a new, fresh string is allocated, then these "pure" procedures should be used.
| Fresh copy guaranteed | Sharing permitted |
|---|---|
string-copy |
substring/shared |
string-copy |
string-take string-take-right |
string-copy |
string-drop string-drop-right |
string-concatenate |
string-concatenate/shared |
string-append |
string-append/shared |
string-concatenate-reverse
| string-concatenate-reverse/shared |
string-pad string-pad-right | |
string-trim string-trim-right | |
string-trim-both | |
string-filter string-delete |
On the other hand, the functionality is present to allow one to write efficient code without shared-text substrings. You can write efficient code that works by passing around start/end ranges indexing into a string instead of simply building a shared-text substring. The API would be much simpler without this consideration -- if we had cheap shared-text substrings, all the start/end index parameters would vanish. However, since SRFI 13 does not require implementations to provide shared-text substrings, the extended API is provided.
The R4RS and R5RS reports define 22 string procedures. The string-lib package includes 8 of these exactly as defined, 3 in an extended, backwards-compatible way, and drops the remaining 11 (whose functionality is available via other bindings).
The 8 procedures provided exactly as documented in the reports are
string?,
make-string,
string,
string-length,
string-ref,
string-set!,
string-append, and
list->string.
The eleven functions not included are
string=?, string-ci=?,
string<?, string-ci<?,
string>?, string-ci>?,
string<=?, string-ci<=?,
string>=?, string-ci>=?, and
substring.
The string-lib package provides alternate bindings and extended functionality.
Additionally, the three extended procedures are
string-fill! s char [start end] -> unspecified string->list s [start end] -> char-list string-copy s [start end] -> string
They are uniformly extended to take optional start/end parameters specifying substring ranges.
This SRFI recommends the following
A SRFI be defined for shared-text substrings, allowing programs to be written that actually rely on the shared-storage properties of these data structures.
A SRFI be defined for manipulating Unicode text -- various normalisation operations, collation, searching, etc. Collation operations might be parameterised by a "collation" structure representing collation rules for a particular locale or language. Alternatively, a data structure specifying collation rules could be activated with dynamic scope by special procedures, possibly overridden by allowing collation rules to be optional arguments to procedures that need to order strings, e.g.
(with-locale* denmark-locale
(lambda ()
(f x)
(g 42)))
(with-locale taiwan-locale
(f x)
(h denmark-locale)
(g 42))
(set-locale! denmark-locale)
A SRFI be defined for manipulating characters that is portable across at least ASCII, Latin-1 and Unicode.
char-upcase and char-downcase should
be defined to use the 1-1 locale- and context-insensitive case
mappings given by Unicode's UnicodeData.txt table.
char-titlecase be added to char-upcase and char-downcase.
char-titlecase? be added to char-upcase? and char-downcase?.
These recommendations are not a part of the SRFI 13 spec. Note also that requiring a Unicode/Latin-1/ASCII interface to integer/char mapping functions does not imply anything about the actual underlying encodings of characters.
In the following procedure specifications:
(string-length s), for
the corresponding parameter s. They typically restrict a procedure's
action to the indicated substring.
Passing values to procedures with these parameters that do not satisfy these types is an error.
Parameters given in square brackets are optional. Unless otherwise noted in the text describing the procedure, any prefix of these optional parameters may be supplied, from zero arguments to the full list. When a procedure returns multiple values, this is shown by listing the return values in square brackets, as well. So, for example, the procedure with signature
halts? f [x init-store] -> [boolean integer]
would take one (f), two (f, x) or three (f, x, init-store) input parameters, and return two values, a boolean and an integer.
A parameter followed by "..." means zero-or-more elements.
So the procedure with the signature
sum-squares x ... -> number
takes zero or more arguments (x ...), while the procedure with signature
spell-check doc dict1 dict2 ... -> string-list
takes two required parameters (doc and dict1) and zero or more optional parameters (dict2 ...).
If a procedure is said to return "unspecified," this means that nothing at
all is said about what the procedure returns. Such a procedure is not even
required to be consistent from call to call. It is simply required to
return a value (or values) that may be passed to a command continuation,
e.g. as the value of an expression appearing as a non-terminal
subform of a begin expression.
Note that in
R5RS,
this restricts such a procedure to returning a single value;
non-R5RS systems may not even provide this restriction.
In a Scheme system that has a module or package system, these procedures should be contained in a module named "string-lib".
string? obj -> boolean
[R5RS]
Returns #t if obj is a string, otherwise returns #f.
string-null? s -> boolean
string-every char/char-set/pred s [start end] -> value
string-any char/char-set/pred s [start end] -> value
Checks to see if the given criteria is true of every / any character in s, proceeding from left (index start) to right (index end).
If char/char-set/pred is a character, it is tested for equality with the elements of s.
If char/char-set/pred is a character set, the elements of s are tested for membership in the set.
If char/char-set/pred is a predicate procedure, it is applied to the elements of s. The predicate is "witness-generating:"
string-any returns true, the returned true value is the one produced
by the application of the predicate.
string-every returns true, the returned true value is the one
produced by the final application of the predicate to s[end-1].
If string-every is applied to an empty sequence of characters,
it simply returns #t.
If string-every or string-any apply the predicate to the final element
of the selected sequence (i.e., s[end-1]), that final application is a
tail call.
The names of these procedures do not end with a question mark -- this is to
indicate that, in the predicate case, they do not return a simple boolean
(#t or #f), but a general value.
make-string len [char] -> string
[R5RS]
make-string returns a newly allocated string of length len. If
char is given, then all elements of the string are initialized
to char, otherwise the contents of the string are unspecified.
string char1 ... -> string
[R5RS] Returns a newly allocated string composed of the argument characters.
string-tabulate proc len -> string
Proc is an integer->char procedure. Construct a string of size len by applying proc to each index to produce the corresponding string element. The order in which proc is applied to the indices is not specified.
string->list s [start end] -> char-list
list->string char-list -> string
[R5RS+]
string->list returns a newly allocated list of the characters
that make up the given string. list->string returns a newly
allocated string formed from the characters in the list char-list,
which must be a list of characters. string->list and list->string
are inverses so far as equal? is concerned.
string->list is extended from the R5RS definition to take optional
start/end arguments.
reverse-list->string char-list -> string
An efficient implementation of (compose list->string reverse):
(reverse-list->string '(#\a #\B #\c)) -> "cBa"
This is a common idiom in the epilog of string-processing loops
that accumulate an answer in a reverse-order list. (See also
string-concatenate-reverse for the "chunked" variant.)
string-join string-list [delimiter grammar] -> string
This procedure is a simple unparser --- it pastes strings together using the delimiter string.
The grammar argument is a symbol that determines how the delimiter is
used, and defaults to 'infix.
'infix means an infix or separator grammar:
insert the delimiter
between list elements. An empty list will produce an empty string --
note, however, that parsing an empty string with an infix or separator
grammar is ambiguous. Is it an empty list, or a list of one element,
the empty string?
'strict-infix means the same as 'infix,
but will raise an error if given an empty list.
'suffix means a suffix or terminator grammar:
insert the delimiter
after every list element. This grammar has no ambiguities.
'prefix means a prefix grammar: insert the delimiter
before every list element. This grammar has no ambiguities.
The delimiter is the string used to delimit elements; it defaults to a single space " ".
(string-join '("foo" "bar" "baz") ":") => "foo:bar:baz"
(string-join '("foo" "bar" "baz") ":" 'suffix) => "foo:bar:baz:"
;; Infix grammar is ambiguous wrt empty list vs. empty string,
(string-join '() ":") => ""
(string-join '("") ":") => ""
;; but suffix & prefix grammars are not.
(string-join '() ":" 'suffix) => ""
(string-join '("") ":" 'suffix) => ":"
string-length s -> integer
[R5RS] Returns the number of characters in the string s.
string-ref s i -> char
[R5RS] Returns character s[i] using zero-origin indexing. I must be a valid index of s.
string-copy s [start end] -> string
substring/shared s start [end] -> string
[R5RS+]
substring/shared returns a string whose contents are the characters of s
beginning with index start (inclusive) and ending with index end
(exclusive). It differs from the R5RS substring in two ways:
substring/shared may return a value that shares memory with s or
is eq? to s.
string-copy is extended from its R5RS definition by the addition of
its optional start/end parameters. In contrast to substring/shared,
it is guaranteed to produce a freshly-allocated string.
Use string-copy when you want to indicate explicitly in your code that you
wish to allocate new storage; use substring/shared when you don't care if
you get a fresh copy or share storage with the original string.
(string-copy "Beta substitution") => "Beta substitution"
(string-copy "Beta substitution" 1 10)
=> "eta subst"
(string-copy "Beta substitution" 5) => "substitution"
string-copy! target tstart s [start end] -> unspecified
Copy the sequence of characters from index range [start,end) in string s to string target, beginning at index tstart. The characters are copied left-to-right or right-to-left as needed -- the copy is guaranteed to work, even if target and s are the same string.
It is an error if the copy operation runs off the end of the target string, e.g.
(string-copy! (string-copy "Microsoft") 0
"Regional Microsoft Operating Companies") => error
string-take s nchars -> string
string-drop s nchars -> string
string-take-right s nchars -> string
string-drop-right s nchars -> string
string-take returns the first nchars of s;
string-drop returns all but the first nchars of s.
string-take-right returns the last nchars of s;
string-drop-right returns all but the last nchars of s.
If these procedures produce the entire string, they may return either
s or a copy of s; in some implementations, proper substrings may share
memory with s.
(string-take "Pete Szilagyi" 6) => "Pete S" (string-drop "Pete Szilagyi" 6) => "zilagyi" (string-take-right "Beta rules" 5) => "rules" (string-drop-right "Beta rules" 5) => "Beta "
It is an error to take or drop more characters than are in the string:
(string-take "foo" 37) => error
string-pad s len [char start end] -> string
string-pad-right s len [char start end] -> string
Build a string of length len comprised of s padded on the left (right) by as many occurrences of the character char as needed. If s has more than len chars, it is truncated on the left (right) to length len. Char defaults to #\space.
If len <= end-start, the returned value is allowed to share storage with s, or be exactly s (if len = end-start).
(string-pad "325" 5) => " 325" (string-pad "71325" 5) => "71325" (string-pad "8871325" 5) => "71325"
string-trim s [char/char-set/pred start end] -> string
string-trim-right s [char/char-set/pred start end] -> string
string-trim-both s [char/char-set/pred start end] -> string
Trim s by skipping over all characters on the left / on the right / on both sides that satisfy the second parameter char/char-set/pred:
Char/char-set/pred defaults to the character set char-set:whitespace
defined in SRFI 14.
If no trimming occurs, these functions may return either s or a copy of s; in some implementations, proper substrings may share memory with s.
(string-trim-both " The outlook wasn't brilliant, \n\r")
=> "The outlook wasn't brilliant,"
string-set! s i char -> unspecified
[R5RS]
I must be a valid index of s. string-set! stores char in
element i of s. Constant string literals appearing in code are
immutable; it is an error to use them in a string-set!.
(define (f) (make-string 3 #\*))
(define (g) "***")
(string-set! (f) 0 #\?) ==> unspecified
(string-set! (g) 0 #\?) ==> error
(string-set! (symbol->string 'immutable)
3
#\?) ==> error
string-fill! s char [start end] -> unspecified
[R5RS+] Stores char in every element of s.
string-fill is extended from the R5RS definition to take optional
start/end arguments.
string-compare s1 s2 proc< proc= proc> [start1 end1 start2 end2] -> values
string-compare-ci s1 s2 proc< proc= proc> [start1 end1 start2 end2] -> values
Apply proc<, proc=, or proc> to the mismatch index, depending upon whether s1 is less than, equal to, or greater than s2. The "mismatch index" is the largest index i such that for every 0 <= j < i, s1[j] = s2[j] -- that is, i is the first position that doesn't match.
string-compare-ci is the case-insensitive variant. Case-insensitive
comparison is done by case-folding characters with the operation
(char-downcase (char-upcase c))
where the two case-mapping operations are assumed to be 1-1, locale- and context-insensitive, and compatible with the 1-1 case mappings specified by Unicode's UnicodeData.txt table:
The optional start/end indices restrict the comparison to the indicated substrings of s1 and s2. The mismatch index is always an index into s1; in the case of proc=, it is always end1; we observe the protocol in this redundant case for uniformity.
(string-compare "The cat in the hat" "abcdefgh"
values values values
4 6 ; Select "ca"
2 4) ; & "cd"
=> 5 ; Index of S1's "a"
Comparison is simply done on individual code-points of the string. True text collation is not handled by this SRFI.
string= s1 s2 [start1 end1 start2 end2] -> boolean
string<> s1 s2 [start1 end1 start2 end2] -> boolean
string< s1 s2 [start1 end1 start2 end2] -> boolean
string> s1 s2 [start1 end1 start2 end2] -> boolean
string<= s1 s2 [start1 end1 start2 end2] -> boolean
string>= s1 s2 [start1 end1 start2 end2] -> boolean
These procedures are the lexicographic extensions to strings of the
corresponding orderings on characters. For example, string< is the
lexicographic ordering on strings induced by the ordering char<? on
characters. If two strings differ in length but are the same up to
the length of the shorter string, the shorter string is considered to
be lexicographically less than the longer string.
The optional start/end indices restrict the comparison to the indicated substrings of s1 and s2.
Comparison is simply done on individual code-points of the string. True text collation is not handled by this SRFI.
string-ci= s1 s2 [start1 end1 start2 end2] -> boolean
string-ci<> s1 s2 [start1 end1 start2 end2] -> boolean
string-ci< s1 s2 [start1 end1 start2 end2] -> boolean
string-ci> s1 s2 [start1 end1 start2 end2] -> boolean
string-ci<= s1 s2 [start1 end1 start2 end2] -> boolean
string-ci>= s1 s2 [start1 end1 start2 end2] -> boolean
Case-insensitive variants.
Case-insensitive comparison is done by case-folding characters with the operation
(char-downcase (char-upcase c))
where the two case-mapping operations are assumed to be 1-1, locale- and context-insensitive, and compatible with the 1-1 case mappings specified by Unicode's UnicodeData.txt table:
string-hash s [bound start end] -> integer
string-hash-ci s [bound start end] -> integer
Compute a hash value for the string s. Bound is a non-negative exact integer specifying the range of the hash function. A positive value restricts the return value to the range [0,bound).
If bound is either zero or not given, the implementation may use an implementation-specific default value, chosen to be as large as is efficiently practical. For instance, the default range might be chosen for a given implementation to map all strings into the range of integers that can be represented with a single machine word.
The optional start/end indices restrict the hash operation to the indicated substring of s.
string-hash-ci is the case-insensitive variant. Case-insensitive
comparison is done by case-folding characters with the operation
(char-downcase (char-upcase c))
where the two case-mapping operations are assumed to be 1-1, locale- and context-insensitive, and compatible with the 1-1 case mappings specified by Unicode's UnicodeData.txt table:
Invariants:
(<= 0 (string-hash s b) (- b 1)) ; When B > 0. (string= s1 s2) => (= (string-hash s1 b) (string-hash s2 b)) (string-ci= s1 s2) => (= (string-hash-ci s1 b) (string-hash-ci s2 b))
A legal but nonetheless discouraged implementation:
(define (string-hash s . other-args) 1) (define (string-hash-ci s . other-args) 1)
Rationale: allowing the user to specify an explicit bound simplifies user code by removing the mod operation that typically accompanies every hash computation, and also may allow the implementation of the hash function to exploit a reduced range to efficiently compute the hash value. E.g., for small bounds, the hash function may be computed in a fashion such that intermediate values never overflow into bignum integers, allowing the implementor to provide a fixnum-specific "fast path" for computing the common cases very rapidly.
string-prefix-length s1 s2 [start1 end1 start2 end2] -> integer
string-suffix-length s1 s2 [start1 end1 start2 end2] -> integer
string-prefix-length-ci s1 s2 [start1 end1 start2 end2] -> integer
string-suffix-length-ci s1 s2 [start1 end1 start2 end2] -> integer
Return the length of the longest common prefix/suffix of the two strings. For prefixes, this is equivalent to the "mismatch index" for the strings (modulo the starti index offsets).
The optional start/end indices restrict the comparison to the indicated substrings of s1 and s2.
string-prefix-length-ci and string-suffix-length-ci are the
case-insensitive variants. Case-insensitive comparison is done by
case-folding characters with the operation
(char-downcase (char-upcase c))
where the two case-mapping operations are assumed to be 1-1, locale- and context-insensitive, and compatible with the 1-1 case mappings specified by Unicode's UnicodeData.txt table:
Comparison is simply done on individual code-points of the string.
string-prefix? s1 s2 [start1 end1 start2 end2] -> boolean
string-suffix? s1 s2 [start1 end1 start2 end2] -> boolean
string-prefix-ci? s1 s2 [start1 end1 start2 end2] -> boolean
string-suffix-ci? s1 s2 [start1 end1 start2 end2] -> boolean
Is s1 a prefix/suffix of s2?
The optional start/end indices restrict the comparison to the indicated substrings of s1 and s2.
string-prefix-ci? and string-suffix-ci? are the case-insensitive variants.
Case-insensitive comparison is done by case-folding characters with the
operation
(char-downcase (char-upcase c))
where the two case-mapping operations are assumed to be 1-1, locale- and context-insensitive, and compatible with the 1-1 case mappings specified by Unicode's UnicodeData.txt table:
Comparison is simply done on individual code-points of the string.
string-index s char/char-set/pred [start end] -> integer or #f
string-index-right s char/char-set/pred [start end] -> integer or #f
string-skip s char/char-set/pred [start end] -> integer or #f
string-skip-right s char/char-set/pred [start end] -> integer or #f
string-index (string-index-right) searches through the string from the
left (right), returning the index of the first occurrence of a character
which
If no match is found, the functions return false.
The start and end parameters specify the beginning and end indices of the search; the search includes the start index, but not the end index. Be careful of "fencepost" considerations: when searching right-to-left, the first index considered is
whereas when searching left-to-right, the first index considered is
That is, the start/end indices describe a same half-open interval [start,end) in these procedures that they do in all the other SRFI 13 procedures.
The skip functions are similar, but use the complement of the criteria: they search for the first char that doesn't satisfy the test. E.g., to skip over initial whitespace, say
(cond ((string-skip s char-set:whitespace) =>
(lambda (i) ...)) ; s[i] is not whitespace.
...)
string-count s char/char-set/pred [start end] -> integer
Return a count of the number of characters in s that satisfy the char/char-set/pred argument. If this argument is a procedure, it is applied to the character as a predicate; if it is a character set, the character is tested for membership; if it is a character, it is used in an equality test.
string-contains s1 s2 [start1 end1 start2 end2] -> integer or false
string-contains-ci s1 s2 [start1 end1 start2 end2] -> integer or false
Does string s1 contain string s2?
Return the index in s1 where s2 occurs as a substring, or false. The optional start/end indices restrict the operation to the indicated substrings.
The returned index is in the range [start1,end1). A successful match must lie entirely in the [start1,end1) range of s1.
(string-contains "eek -- what a geek." "ee"
12 18) ; Searches "a geek"
=> 15
string-contains-ci is the case-insensitive variant. Case-insensitive
comparison is done by case-folding characters with the operation
(char-downcase (char-upcase c))
where the two case-mapping operations are assumed to be 1-1, locale- and context-insensitive, and compatible with the 1-1 case mappings specified by Unicode's UnicodeData.txt table:
Comparison is simply done on individual code-points of the string.
The names of these procedures do not end with a question mark -- this is to
indicate that they do not return a simple boolean (#t or #f). Rather,
they return either false (#f) or an exact non-negative integer.
string-titlecase s [start end] -> string
string-titlecase! s [start end] -> unspecified
For every character c in the selected range of s, if c is preceded by a cased character, it is downcased; otherwise it is titlecased.
string-titlecase returns the result string and does not alter its s
parameter. string-titlecase! is the in-place side-effecting variant.
(string-titlecase "--capitalize tHIS sentence.") => "--Capitalize This Sentence." (string-titlecase "see Spot run. see Nix run.") => "See Spot Run. See Nix Run." (string-titlecase "3com makes routers.") => "3Com Makes Routers."
Note that if a start index is specified, then the character preceding s[start] has no effect on the titlecase decision for character s[start]:
(string-titlecase "greasy fried chicken" 2) => "Easy Fried Chicken"
Titlecase and cased information must be compatible with the Unicode specification.
string-upcase s [start end] -> string
string-upcase! s [start end] -> unspecified
string-downcase s [start end] -> string
string-downcase! s [start end] -> unspecified
Raise or lower the case of the alphabetic characters in the string.
string-upcase and string-downcase return the result string and do not
alter their s parameter. string-upcase! and string-downcase! are the
in-place side-effecting variants.
These procedures use the locale- and context-insensitive 1-1 case mappings defined by Unicode's UnicodeData.txt table:
string-reverse s [start end] -> string
string-reverse! s [start end] -> unspecified
Reverse the string.
string-reverse returns the result string
and does not alter its s parameter.
string-reverse! is the in-place side-effecting variant.
(string-reverse "Able was I ere I saw elba.")
=> ".able was I ere I saw elbA"
;;; In-place rotate-left, the Bell Labs way:
(lambda (s i)
(let ((i (modulo i (string-length s))))
(string-reverse! s 0 i)
(string-reverse! s i)
(string-reverse! s)))
Unicode note: Reversing a string simply reverses the sequence of code-points it contains. So a zero-width accent character a coming after a base character b in string s would come out before b in the reversed result.
string-append s1 ... -> string
[R5RS] Returns a newly allocated string whose characters form the concatenation of the given strings.
string-concatenate string-list -> string
Append the elements of string-list together into a single string.
Guaranteed to return a freshly allocated string.
Note that the (apply string-append string-list)
idiom is
not robust for long lists of strings, as some Scheme implementations
limit the number of arguments that may be passed to an n-ary procedure.
string-concatenate/shared string-list -> string
string-append/shared s1 ... -> string
These two procedures are variants of string-concatenate
and string-append
that are permitted to return results that share storage with their
parameters.
In particular, if string-append/shared is applied to just
one argument, it may return exactly that argument,
whereas string-append is required to allocate a fresh string.
string-concatenate-reverse string-list [final-string end] -> string
string-concatenate-reverse/shared string-list [final-string end] -> string
With no optional arguments, these functions are equivalent to
(string-concatenate (reverse string-list))
and
(string-concatenate/shared (reverse string-list))
respectively.
If the optional argument final-string is specified, it is consed onto the beginning of string-list before performing the list-reverse and string-concatenate operations.
If the optional argument end is given, only the first end characters of final-string are added to the string list, thus producing
(string-concatenate
(reverse (cons (substring/shared final-string 0 end)
string-list)))
E.g.
(string-concatenate-reverse '(" must be" "Hello, I") " going.XXXX" 7)
=> "Hello, I must be going."
This procedure is useful in the construction of procedures that accumulate character data into lists of string buffers, and wish to convert the accumulated data into a single string when done.
Unicode note: Reversing a string simply reverses the sequence of code-points it contains. So a zero-width accent character ac coming after a base character bc in string s would come out before bc in the reversed result.
string-map proc s [start end] -> string
string-map! proc s [start end] -> unspecified
Proc is a char->char procedure; it is mapped over s.
string-map returns the result string and does not alter its s parameter.
string-map! is the in-place side-effecting variant.
Note: The order in which proc is applied to the elements of s is not specified.
string-fold kons knil s [start end] -> value
string-fold-right kons knil s [start end] -> value
These are the fundamental iterators for strings.
The left-fold operator maps the kons procedure across the string from left to right
(... (kons s[2] (kons s[1] (kons s[0] knil))))
In other words, string-fold obeys the (tail) recursion
(string-fold kons knil s start end) =
(string-fold kons (kons s[start] knil) start+1 end)
The right-fold operator maps the kons procedure across the string from right to left
(kons s[0] (... (kons s[end-3] (kons s[end-2] (kons s[end-1] knil)))))
obeying the (tail) recursion
(string-fold-right kons knil s start end) =
(string-fold-right kons (kons s[end-1] knil) start end-1)
Examples:
;;; Convert a string to a list of chars.
(string-fold-right cons '() s)
;;; Count the number of lower-case characters in a string.
(string-fold (lambda (c count)
(if (char-lower-case? c)
(+ count 1)
count))
0
s)
;;; Double every backslash character in S.
(let* ((ans-len (string-fold (lambda (c sum)
(+ sum (if (char=? c #\\) 2 1)))
0 s))
(ans (make-string ans-len)))
(string-fold (lambda (c i)
(let ((i (if (char=? c #\\)
(begin (string-set! ans i #\\) (+ i 1))
i)))
(string-set! ans i c)
(+ i 1)))
0 s)
ans)
The right-fold combinator is sometimes called a "catamorphism."
string-unfold p f g seed [base make-final] -> string
This is a fundamental constructor for strings.
(lambda (x) "").
More precisely, the following (simple, inefficient) definitions hold:
;;; Iterative
(define (string-unfold p f g seed base make-final)
(let lp ((seed seed) (ans base))
(if (p seed)
(string-append ans (make-final seed))
(lp (g seed) (string-append ans (string (f seed)))))))
;;; Recursive
(define (string-unfold p f g seed base make-final)
(string-append base
(let recur ((seed seed))
(if (p seed) (make-final seed)
(string-append (string (f seed))
(recur (g seed)))))))
string-unfold is a fairly powerful string constructor -- you can use it to
convert a list to a string, read a port into a string, reverse a string,
copy a string, and so forth. Examples:
(port->string p) = (string-unfold eof-object? values
(lambda (x) (read-char p))
(read-char p))
(list->string lis) = (string-unfold null? car cdr lis)
(string-tabulate f size) = (string-unfold (lambda (i) (= i size)) f add1 0)
To map f over a list lis, producing a string:
(string-unfold null? (compose f car) cdr lis)
Interested functional programmers may enjoy noting that
string-fold-right
and string-unfold are in some sense inverses. That is, given operations
knull?, kar, kdr, kons, and knil satisfying
(kons (kar x) (kdr x)) = x and (knull? knil) = #t
then
(string-fold-right kons knil (string-unfold knull? kar kdr x)) = x
and
(string-unfold knull? kar kdr (string-fold-right kons knil s)) = s.
The final string constructed does not share storage with either base or the value produced by make-final.
This combinator sometimes is called an "anamorphism."
Note: implementations should take care that runtime stack limits do not
cause overflow when constructing large (e.g., megabyte) strings with
string-unfold.
string-unfold-right p f g seed [base make-final] -> string
This is a fundamental constructor for strings.
(lambda (x) "").
More precisely, the following (simple, inefficient) definitions hold:
;;; Iterative
(define (string-unfold-right p f g seed base make-final)
(let lp ((seed seed) (ans base))
(if (p seed)
(string-append (make-final seed) ans)
(lp (g seed) (string-append (string (f seed)) ans)))))
;;; Recursive
(define (string-unfold-right p f g seed base make-final)
(string-append (let recur ((seed seed))
(if (p seed) (make-final seed)
(string-append (recur (g seed))
(string (f seed)))))
base))
Interested functional programmers may enjoy noting that
string-fold
and string-unfold-right are in some sense inverses.
That is, given operations knull?, kar, kdr, kons, and knil satisfying
(kons (kar x) (kdr x)) = x and (knull? knil) = #t
then
(string-fold kons knil (string-unfold-right knull? kar kdr x)) = x
and
(string-unfold-right knull? kar kdr (string-fold kons knil s)) = s.
The final string constructed does not share storage with either base or the value produced by make-final.
Note: implementations should take care that runtime stack limits do not
cause overflow when constructing large (e.g., megabyte) strings with
string-unfold-right.
string-for-each proc s [start end] -> unspecified
Apply proc to each character in s.
string-for-each is required to iterate from start to end
in increasing order.
string-for-each-index proc s [start end] -> unspecified
Apply proc to each index of s, in order. The optional start/end pairs restrict the endpoints of the loop. This is simply a method of looping over a string that is guaranteed to be safe and correct.
Example:
(let* ((len (string-length s))
(ans (make-string len)))
(string-for-each-index
(lambda (i) (string-set! ans (- len i) (string-ref s i)))
s)
ans)
xsubstring s from [to start end] -> string
This is the "extended substring" procedure that implements replicated copying of a substring of some string.
S is a string; start and end are optional arguments that demarcate a substring of s, defaulting to 0 and the length of s (i.e., the whole string). Replicate this substring up and down index space, in both the positive and negative directions. For example, if s = "abcdefg", start=3, and end=6, then we have the conceptual bidirectionally-infinite string
| ... | d | e | f | d | e | f | d | e | f | d | e | f | d | e | f | d | e | f | d | ... |
| ... | -9 | -8 | -7 | -6 | -5 | -4 | -3 | -2 | -1 | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +4 | +5 | +6 | +7 | +8 | +9 | ... |
xsubstring returns the substring of this string beginning at index from,
and ending at to
(which defaults to from+(end-start)).
You can use xsubstring to perform a variety of tasks:
(xsubstring "abcdef" 2) => "cdefab"
(xsubstring "abcdef" -2) => "efabcd"
(xsubstring "abc" 0 7) => "abcabca"
Note that
It is an error if start=end -- although this is allowed by special dispensation when from=to.
string-xcopy! target tstart s sfrom [sto start end] -> unspecified
Exactly the same as xsubstring, but the extracted text is written
into the string target starting at index tstart.
This operation is not defined if (eq? target s)
or these two arguments
share storage -- you cannot copy a string on top of itself.
string-replace s1 s2 start1 end1 [start2 end2] -> string
Returns
(string-append (substring/shared s1 0 start1)
(substring/shared s2 start2 end2)
(substring/shared s1 end1 (string-length s1)))
That is, the segment of characters in s1 from start1 to end1 is replaced by the segment of characters in s2 from start2 to end2. If start1=end1, this simply splices the s2 characters into s1 at the specified index.
Examples:
(string-replace "The TCL programmer endured daily ridicule."
"another miserable perl drone" 4 7 8 22 ) =>
"The miserable perl programmer endured daily ridicule."
(string-replace "It's easy to code it up in Scheme." "lots of fun" 5 9) =>
"It's lots of fun to code it up in Scheme."
(define (string-insert s i t) (string-replace s t i i))
(string-insert "It's easy to code it up in Scheme." 5 "really ") =>
"It's really easy to code it up in Scheme."
string-tokenize s [token-set start end] -> list
Split the string s into a list of substrings, where each substring is a maximal non-empty contiguous sequence of characters from the character set token-set.
char-set:graphic
(see SRFI 14
for more on character sets and char-set:graphic).
string-tokenize to operating on the indicated substring of s.
This function provides a minimal parsing facility for simple applications.
More sophisticated parsers that handle quoting and backslash effects can
easily be constructed using regular-expression systems; be careful not
to use string-tokenize in contexts where more serious parsing is needed.
(string-tokenize "Help make programs run, run, RUN!") =>
("Help" "make" "programs" "run," "run," "RUN!")
string-filter char/char-set/pred s [start end] -> string
string-delete char/char-set/pred s [start end] -> string
Filter the string s, retaining only those characters that satisfy / do not satisfy the char/char-set/pred argument. If this argument is a procedure, it is applied to the character as a predicate; if it is a char-set, the character is tested for membership; if it is a character, it is used in an equality test.
If the string is unaltered by the filtering operation, these functions may return either s or a copy of s.
The following procedures are useful for writing other string-processing functions. In a Scheme system that has a module or package system, these procedures should be contained in a module named "string-lib-internals".
string-parse-start+end proc s args -> [rest start end]
string-parse-final-start+end proc s args -> [start end]
string-parse-start+end may be used to parse a pair of optional start/end
arguments from an argument list, defaulting them to 0 and the length of
some string s, respectively. Let the length of string s be slen.
(values '() 0 slen)
(values (cdr args) i slen).
(i j ...),
i and j are checked to ensure they are exact
integers, and that 0 <= i <= j <=
slen.
Returns (values (cddr args) i j).
If any of the checks fail, an error condition is raised, and proc is used
as part of the error condition -- it should be the client procedure whose
argument list string-parse-start+end is parsing.
string-parse-final-start+end is exactly the same, except that the args list
passed to it is required to be of length two or less; if it is longer,
an error condition is raised. It may be used when the optional start/end
parameters are final arguments to the procedure.
Note that in all cases, these functions ensure that s is a string
(by necessity, since all cases apply string-length to s either to
default end or to bounds-check it).
let-string-start+end (start end [rest]) proc-exp s-exp args-exp body ... -> value(s)
[Syntax]
Syntactic sugar for an application of string-parse-start+end or
string-parse-final-start+end.
If a rest variable is given, the form is equivalent to
(call-with-values
(lambda () (string-parse-start+end proc-exp s-exp args-exp))
(lambda (rest start end) body ...))
If no rest variable is given, the form is equivalent to
(call-with-values
(lambda () (string-parse-final-start+end proc-exp s-exp args-exp))
(lambda (start end) body ...))
check-substring-spec proc s start end -> unspecified
substring-spec-ok? s start end -> boolean
Check values s, start and end to ensure they specify a valid substring.
This means that s is a string, start and end are exact integers, and
0 <= start <= end <=
(string-length s)
If the values are not proper
check-substring-spec raises an error condition. proc is used
as part of the error condition, and should be the procedure whose
parameters we are checking.
substring-spec-ok? returns false.
Otherwise, substring-spec-ok? returns true, and check-substring-spec
simply returns (what it returns is not specified).
The Knuth-Morris-Pratt string-search algorithm is a method of rapidly scanning a sequence of text for the occurrence of some fixed string. It has the advantage of never requiring backtracking -- hence, it is useful for searching not just strings, but also other sequences of text that do not support backtracking or random-access, such as input ports. These routines package up the initialisation and searching phases of the algorithm for general use. They also support searching through sequences of text that arrive in buffered chunks, in that intermediate search state can be carried across applications of the search loop from the end of one buffer application to the next.
A second critical property of KMP search is that it requires the allocation of auxiliary memory proportional to the length of the pattern, but constant in the size of the character type. Alternate searching algorithms frequently require the construction of a table with an entry for every possible character -- which can be prohibitively expensive in a 16- or 32-bit character representation.
make-kmp-restart-vector s [c= start end] -> integer-vector
Build a Knuth-Morris-Pratt "restart vector," which is useful for quickly
searching character sequences for the occurrence of string s (or the
substring of s demarcated by the optional start/end parameters, if
provided). C= is a character-equality function used to construct the
restart vector. It defaults to char=?; use char-ci=? instead for
case-folded string search.
The definition of the restart vector rv for string s is: If we have matched chars 0..i-1 of s against some search string ss, and s[i] doesn't match ss[k], then reset i := rv[i], and try again to match ss[k]. If rv[i] = -1, then punt ss[k] completely, and move on to ss[k+1] and s[0].
In other words, if you have matched the first i chars of s, but the i+1'th char doesn't match, rv[i] tells you what the next-longest prefix of s is that you have matched.
The following string-search function shows how a restart vector is used to search. Note the attractive feature of the search process: it is "on line," that is, it never needs to back up and reconsider previously seen data. It simply consumes characters one-at-a-time until declaring a complete match or reaching the end of the sequence. Thus, it can be easily adapted to search other character sequences (such as ports) that do not provide random access to their contents.
(define (find-substring pattern source start end)
(let ((plen (string-length pattern))
(rv (make-kmp-restart-vector pattern)))
;; The search loop. SJ & PJ are redundant state.
(let lp ((si start) (pi 0)
(sj (- end start)) ; (- end si) -- how many chars left.
(pj plen)) ; (- plen pi) -- how many chars left.
(if (= pi plen) (- si plen) ; Win.
(and (<= pj sj) ; Lose.
(if (char=? (string-ref source si) ; Test.
(string-ref pattern pi))
(lp (+ 1 si) (+ 1 pi) (- sj 1) (- pj 1)) ; Advance.
(let ((pi (vector-ref rv pi))) ; Retreat.
(if (= pi -1)
(lp (+ si 1) 0 (- sj 1) plen) ; Punt.
(lp si pi sj (- plen pi))))))))))
The optional start/end parameters restrict the restart vector to the indicated substring of pat; rv is end - start elements long. If start > 0, then rv is offset by start elements from pat. That is, rv[i] describes pattern element pat[i + start]. Elements of rv are themselves indices that range just over [0, end-start), not [start, end).
Rationale: the actual value of rv is "position independent" -- it does not depend on where in the pat string the pattern occurs, but only on the actual characters comprising the pattern.
kmp-step pat rv c i c= p-start -> integer
This function encapsulates the work performed by one step of the KMP string search; it can be used to scan strings, input ports, or other on-line character sources for fixed strings.
Pat is the non-empty string specifying the text for which we are searching.
Rv is the Knuth-Morris-Pratt restart vector for the pattern,
as constructed by make-kmp-restart-vector.
The pattern begins at pat[p-start], and is
(string-length rv) characters long.
C= is the character-equality function used to construct the
restart vector, typically char=? or char-ci=?.
Suppose the pattern is N characters in length:
pat[p-start, p-start + n).
We have already matched i characters:
pat[p-start, p-start + i).
(P-start is typically zero.)
C is the next character in the input stream. kmp-step
returns the new i value -- that is, how much of the pattern we have
matched, including character c.
When i reaches n, the entire pattern has been matched.
Thus a typical search loop looks like this:
(let lp ((i 0))
(or (= i n) ; Win -- #t
(and (not (end-of-stream)) ; Lose -- #f
(lp (kmp-step pat rv (get-next-character) i char=? 0)))))
Example:
;; Read chars from IPORT until we find string PAT or hit EOF.
(define (port-skip pat iport)
(let* ((rv (make-kmp-restart-vector pat))
(patlen (string-length pat)))
(let lp ((i 0) (nchars 0))
(if (= i patlen) nchars ; Win -- nchars skipped
(let ((c (read-char iport)))
(if (eof-object? c) c ; Fail -- EOF
(lp (kmp-step pat rv c i char=? 0) ; Continue
(+ nchars 1))))))))
This procedure could be defined as follows:
(define (kmp-step pat rv c i c= p-start)
(let lp ((i i))
(if (c= c (string-ref pat (+ i p-start))) ; Match =>
(+ i 1) ; Done.
(let ((i (vector-ref rv i))) ; Back up in PAT.
(if (= i -1) 0 ; Can't back up more.
(lp i))))))) ; Keep going.
Rationale: this procedure takes no optional arguments because it is intended as an inner-loop primitive and we do not want any run-time penalty for optional-argument parsing and defaulting, nor do we wish barriers to procedure integration/inlining.
string-kmp-partial-search pat rv s i [c= p-start s-start s-end] -> integer
Applies kmp-step across s;
optional s-start/s-end bounds parameters
restrict search to a substring of s.
The pattern is (vector-length rv) characters long;
optional p-start index indicates non-zero start of pattern
in pat.
Suppose plen = (vector-length rv)
is the length of the pattern.
I is an integer index into the pattern
(that is, 0 <= i < plen)
indicating how much of the pattern has already been matched.
(This means the pattern must be non-empty -- plen > 0.)
substring/shared.
Hence:
This utility is designed to allow searching for occurrences of a fixed string that might extend across multiple buffers of text. This is why, for example, we do not provide the index of the start of the match on success -- it may have occurred in a previous buffer.
To search a character sequence that arrives in "chunks," write a loop of this form:
(let lp ((i 0))
(and (not (end-of-data?)) ; Lose -- return #f.
(let* ((buf (get-next-chunk)) ; Get or fill up the buffer.
(i (string-kmp-partial-search pat rv buf i)))
(if (< i 0) (- i) ; Win -- return end index.
(lp i))))) ; Keep looking.
Modulo start/end optional-argument parsing, this procedure could be defined as follows:
(define (string-kmp-partial-search pat rv s i c= p-start s-start s-end)
(let ((patlen (vector-length rv)))
(let lp ((si s-start) ; An index into S.
(vi i)) ; An index into RV.
(cond ((= vi patlen) (- si)) ; Win.
((= si end) vi) ; Ran off the end.
(else (lp (+ si 1) ; Match s[si] & loop.
(kmp-step pat rv (string-ref s si)
vi c= p-start)))))))
This SRFI comes with a reference implementation. It can be found at:
I have placed this source on the Net with an unencumbered, "open" copyright. The prefix/suffix and comparison routines in this code had (extremely distant) origins in MIT Scheme's string lib, and were substantially reworked by myself. Being derived from that code, they are covered by the MIT Scheme copyright, which is a generic BSD-style open-source copyright. See the source file for details.
The KMP string-search code was influenced by implementations written by Stephen Bevan, Brian Denheyer and Will Fitzgerald. However, this version was written from scratch by myself.
The remainder of the code was written by myself for scsh or for this SRFI; I have placed this code under the scsh copyright, which is also a generic BSD-style open-source copyright.
The code is written for portability and should be straightforward to port to any Scheme. The source comments contains detailed notes describing the non-R5RS dependencies.
The library is written for clarity and well-commented; the current source is approximately 1000 lines of source code and 1000 lines of comments and white space. It is also written for efficiency. Fast paths are provided for common cases. This is not to say that the implementation can't be tuned up for a specific Scheme implementation. There are notes in the comments addressing ways implementors can tune the reference implementation for performance.
In short, I've written the reference implementation to make it as painless as possible for an implementor -- or a regular programmer -- to adopt this library and get good results with it.
The design of this library benefited greatly from the feedback provided during the SRFI discussion phase. Among those contributing thoughtful commentary and suggestions, both on the mailing list and by private discussion, were Paolo Amoroso, Lars Arvestad, Alan Bawden, Jim Bender, Dan Bornstein, Per Bothner, Will Clinger, Brian Denheyer, Mikael Djurfeldt, Kent Dybvig, Sergei Egorov, Marc Feeley, Matthias Felleisen, Will Fitzgerald, Matthew Flatt, Arthur A. Gleckler, Ben Goetter, Sven Hartrumpf, Erik Hilsdale, Richard Kelsey, Oleg Kiselyov, Bengt Kleberg, Donovan Kolbly, Bruce Korb, Shriram Krishnamurthi, Bruce Lewis, Tom Lord, Brad Lucier, Dave Mason, David Rush, Klaus Schilling, Jonathan Sobel, Mike Sperber, Mikael Staldal, Vladimir Tsyshevsky, Donald Welsh, and Mike Wilson. I am grateful to them for their assistance.
I am also grateful the authors, implementors and documentors of all the systems mentioned in the introduction. Aubrey Jaffer and Kent Pitman should be noted for their work in producing Web-accessible versions of the R5RS and Common Lisp spec, which was a tremendous aid.
This is not to imply that these individuals necessarily endorse the final results, of course.
During this document's long development period, great patience was exhibited by Mike Sperber, who is the editor for the SRFI, and by Hillary Sullivan, who is not.
Case mappings.
Unicode Technical Report 21.
http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr21/
Common Lisp: the Language.
Guy L. Steele Jr. (editor).
Digital Press, Maynard, Mass., second edition 1990.
Available at
http://www.elwood.com/alu/table/references.htm#cltl2.
The Common Lisp "HyperSpec," produced by Kent Pitman, is essentially the ANSI spec for Common Lisp: http://www.lispworks.com/documentation/HyperSpec/Front/index.htm.
The following URLs provide documentation on relevant Java classes.
http://java.sun.com/products/jdk/1.2/docs/api/java/lang/Character.html
http://java.sun.com/products/jdk/1.2/docs/api/java/lang/String.html
http://java.sun.com/products/jdk/1.2/docs/api/java/lang/StringBuffer.html
http://java.sun.com/products/jdk/1.2/docs/api/java/text/Collator.html
http://java.sun.com/products/jdk/1.2/docs/api/java/text/package-summary.html
Revised5 report on the algorithmic language Scheme.
R. Kelsey, W. Clinger, J. Rees (editors).
Higher-Order and Symbolic Computation, Vol. 11, No. 1, September, 1998.
and ACM SIGPLAN Notices, Vol. 33, No. 9, October, 1998.
Available at
http://www.schemers.org/Documents/Standards/.
The SRFI web site.
http://srfi.schemers.org/
SRFI-13: String libraries.
http://srfi.schemers.org/srfi-13/
SRFI-14: Character-set library.
http://srfi.schemers.org/srfi-14/
The SRFI 14 char-set library defines a character-set data type,
which is used by some procedures in this library.
The Unicode character database.
ftp://ftp.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/UnicodeData.txt
ftp://ftp.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/UnicodeData.html
Certain portions of this document -- the specific, marked segments of text describing the R5RS procedures -- were adapted with permission from the R5RS report.
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