4.3 Function Calls (Procedure Applications)

An expression of the form

(proc-expr arg-expr ...)

is a function call – also known as a procedure application – when proc-expr is not an identifier that is bound as a syntax transformer (such as if or define).

4.3.1 Evaluation Order and Arity

A function call is evaluated by first evaluating the proc-expr and all arg-exprs in order (left to right). Then, if proc-expr produces a function that accepts as many arguments as supplied arg-exprs, the function is called. Otherwise, an exception is raised.

Examples:

> (cons 1 null)

'(1)

> (+ 1 2 3)

6

> (cons 1 2 3)

cons: expects 2 arguments, given 3: 1 2 3

> (1 2 3)

procedure application: expected procedure, given: 1;

arguments were: 2 3

Some functions, such as cons, accept a fixed number of arguments. Some functions, such as + or list, accept any number of arguments. Some functions accept a range of argument counts; for example substring accepts either two or three arguments. A function’s arity is the number of arguments that it accepts.

4.3.2 Keyword Arguments

Some functions accept keyword arguments in addition to by-position arguments. For that case, an arg can be an arg-keyword arg-expr sequence instead of just a arg-expr:

Keywords introduces keywords.

(proc-expr arg ...)

arg   =   arg-expr     |   arg-keyword arg-expr

For example,

  (go "super.ss" #:mode 'fast)

calls the function bound to go with "super.ss" as a by-position argument, and with 'fast as an argument associated with the #:mode keyword. A keyword is implicitly paired with the expression that follows it.

Since a keyword by itself is not an expression, then

  (go "super.ss" #:mode #:fast)

is a syntax error. The #:mode keyword must be followed by an expression to produce an argument value, and #:fast is not an expression.

The order of keyword args determines the order in which arg-exprs are evaluated, but a function accepts keyword arguments independent of their position in the argument list. The above call to go can be equivalently written

  (go #:mode 'fast "super.ss")

Procedure Applications and #%app in Reference: Racket provides more on procedure applications.

4.3.3 The apply Function

The syntax for function calls supports any number of arguments, but a specific call always specifies a fixed number of arguments. As a result, a function that takes a list of arguments cannot directly apply a function like + to all of the items in the list:

(define (avg lst) ; doesn’t work...     (/ (+ lst) (length lst)))

> (avg '(1 2 3))   +: expects argument of type <number>; given '(1 2 3)

(define (avg lst) ; doesn’t always work...    (/ (+ (list-ref lst 0) (list-ref lst 1) (list-ref lst 2))       (length lst)))

> (avg '(1 2 3))   2   > (avg '(1 2))   list-ref: index 2 too large for list: '(1 2)

The apply function offers a way around this restriction. It takes a function and a list arguments, and it applies the function to the arguments:

(define (avg lst)     (/ (apply + lst) (length lst)))

> (avg '(1 2 3))   2   > (avg '(1 2))   3/2   > (avg '(1 2 3 4))   5/2

As a convenience, the apply function accepts additional arguments between the function and the list. The additional arguments are effectively consed onto the argument list:

(define (anti-sum lst)     (apply - 0 lst))

> (anti-sum '(1 2 3))   -6

The apply function supports only by-position arguments. To apply a function with keyword arguments, use the keyword-apply function, which accepts a function to apply and three lists. The first two lists are in parallel, where the first list contains keywords (sorted by keyword<), and the second list contains a corresponding argument for each keyword. The third list contains by-position function arguments, as for apply.

(keyword-apply go

'(#:mode)

'(fast)

'("super.ss"))