On this page:
4.1 Requests
header
headers-assq
headers-assq*
binding
binding: form
binding: file
bindings-assq
bindings-assq-all
request
request-bindings/ raw
4.2 Bindings
request-bindings
request-headers
extract-binding/ single
extract-bindings
exists-binding?
4.3 Responses
response
response/ full
TEXT/ HTML-MIME-TYPE
4.4 Placing Cookies
make-cookie
cookie->header
4.5 Authenticated Cookies
make-id-cookie
request-id-cookie
logout-id-cookie
make-secret-salt/ file
4.6 Extracting Cookies
client-cookie
request-cookies
4.7 Redirect
redirect-to
redirection-status?
permanently
temporarily
see-other
4.8 Basic Authentication
make-basic-auth-header
request->basic-credentials
4.9 Digest Authentication
make-digest-auth-header
request->digest-credentials
username*realm->password/ c
username*realm->digest-HA1/ c
password->digest-HA1
make-check-digest-credentials
4.10 X-expression Support
response/ xexpr

4 HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol

 (require web-server/http)

The Web Server implements many HTTP libraries that are provided by this module.

4.1 Requests

struct

(struct header (field value)
  #:extra-constructor-name make-header)
  field : bytes?
  value : bytes?
Represents a header of field to value.

procedure

(headers-assq id heads)  (or/c false/c header?)

  id : bytes?
  heads : (listof header?)
Returns the header with a field equal to id from heads or #f.

procedure

(headers-assq* id heads)  (or/c false/c header?)

  id : bytes?
  heads : (listof header?)
Returns the header with a field case-insensitively equal to id from heads or #f.

You almost always want to use this, rather than headers-assq because Web browsers may send headers with arbitrary casing.

struct

(struct binding (id)
  #:extra-constructor-name make-binding)
  id : bytes?
Represents a binding of id.

struct

(struct binding:form binding (value)
  #:extra-constructor-name make-binding:form)
  value : bytes?
Represents a form binding of id to value.

struct

(struct binding:file binding (filename headers content)
  #:extra-constructor-name make-binding:file)
  filename : bytes?
  headers : (listof header?)
  content : bytes?
Represents the uploading of the file filename with the id id and the content content, where headers are the additional headers from the MIME envelope the file was in. (For example, the #"Content-Type" header may be included by some browsers.)

procedure

(bindings-assq id binds)  (or/c false/c binding?)

  id : bytes?
  binds : (listof binding?)
Returns the binding with an id equal to id from binds or #f.

procedure

(bindings-assq-all id binds)  (listof binding?)

  id : bytes?
  binds : (listof binding?)
Like bindings-assq, but returns a list of all bindings matching id.

struct

(struct request (method
    uri
    headers/raw
    bindings/raw-promise
    post-data/raw
    host-ip
    host-port
    client-ip)
  #:extra-constructor-name make-request)
  method : bytes?
  uri : url?
  headers/raw : (listof header?)
  bindings/raw-promise : (promise/c (listof binding?))
  post-data/raw : (or/c false/c bytes?)
  host-ip : string?
  host-port : number?
  client-ip : string?
An HTTP method request to uri from client-ip to the server at host-ip:host-port with headers/raw headers, bindings/raw GET and POST queries and post-data/raw POST data.

You are unlikely to need to construct a request struct.

procedure

(request-bindings/raw r)  (listof binding?)

  r : request?

Here is an example typical of what you will find in many applications:
(define (get-number req)
  (match
    (bindings-assq
      #"number"
      (request-bindings/raw req))
    [(? binding:form? b)
     (string->number
      (bytes->string/utf-8
       (binding:form-value b)))]
    [_
     (get-number (request-number))]))

4.2 Bindings

These functions, while convenient, could introduce subtle bugs into your application. Examples: that they are case-insensitive could introduce a bug; if the data submitted is not in UTF-8 format, then the conversion to a string will fail; if an attacker submits a form field as if it were a file, when it is not, then the request-bindings will hold a bytes? object and your program will error; and, for file uploads you lose the filename. Therefore, we recommend against their use, but they are provided for compatibility with old code.

procedure

(request-bindings req)

  
(listof (or/c (cons/c symbol? string?)
              (cons/c symbol? bytes?)))
  req : request?
Translates the request-bindings/raw of req by interpreting bytes? as string?s, except in the case of binding:file bindings, which are left as is. Ids are then translated into lowercase symbols.

procedure

(request-headers req)  (listof (cons/c symbol? string?))

  req : request?
Translates the request-headers/raw of req by interpreting bytes? as string?s. Ids are then translated into lowercase symbols.

procedure

(extract-binding/single id binds)  string?

  id : symbol?
  binds : (listof (cons/c symbol? string?))
Returns the single binding associated with id in the a-list binds if there is exactly one binding. Otherwise raises exn:fail.

procedure

(extract-bindings id binds)  (listof string?)

  id : symbol?
  binds : (listof (cons/c symbol? string?))
Returns a list of all the bindings of id in the a-list binds.

procedure

(exists-binding? id binds)  boolean?

  id : symbol?
  binds : (listof (cons/c symbol? string))
Returns #t if binds contains a binding for id. Otherwise, #f.

Here is an example typical of what you will find in many applications:
(define (get-number req)
  (string->number
   (extract-binding/single
    'number
    (request-bindings req))))

4.3 Responses

struct

(struct response (code message seconds mime headers output))

  code : number?
  message : bytes?
  seconds : number?
  mime : (or/c false/c bytes?)
  headers : (listof header?)
  output : (output-port? . -> . void)
An HTTP response where output produces the body. code is the response code, message the message, seconds the generation time, mime the MIME type of the file, and headers are the headers. If headers does not include Date, Last-Modified, Server, or Content-Type headers, then the server will automatically add them. The server will always replace your Connection header if it needs to ensure the connection will be closed. (Typically with an HTTP/1.0 client.)

Example:
(response
 301 #"Moved Permanently"
 (current-seconds) TEXT/HTML-MIME-TYPE
 (list (make-header #"Location"
                    #"http://racket-lang.org/download"))
 (λ (op) (write-bytes #"Moved" op)))

procedure

(response/full code    
  message    
  seconds    
  mime    
  headers    
  body)  response?
  code : number?
  message : bytes?
  seconds : number?
  mime : (or/c false/c bytes?)
  headers : (listof header?)
  body : (listof bytes?)
A constructor for responses where body is the response body.

Example:
(response/full
 301 #"Moved Permanently"
 (current-seconds) TEXT/HTML-MIME-TYPE
 (list (make-header #"Location"
                    #"http://racket-lang.org/download"))
 (list #"<html><body><p>"
       #"Please go to <a href=\""
       #"http://racket-lang.org/download"
       #"\">here</a> instead."
       #"</p></body></html>"))

Equivalent to #"text/html; charset=utf-8".

Warning: If you include a Content-Length header in a response that is inaccurate, there will be an error in transmission that the server will not catch.

4.4 Placing Cookies

This module provides functions to create cookies and responses that set them.

procedure

(make-cookie name    
  value    
  [#:comment comment    
  #:domain domain    
  #:max-age max-age    
  #:path path    
  #:secure? secure?])  cookie?
  name : cookie-name?
  value : cookie-value?
  comment : (or/c false/c string?) = #f
  domain : (or/c false/c valid-domain?) = #f
  max-age : (or/c false/c exact-nonnegative-integer?) = #f
  path : (or/c false/c string?) = #f
  secure? : (or/c false/c boolean?) = #f
Constructs a cookie with the appropriate fields.

procedure

(cookie->header c)  header?

  c : cookie?
Constructs a header that sets the cookie.

Examples:
(define time-cookie
  (make-cookie "time" (number->string (current-seconds))))
(define id-cookie
  (make-cookie "id" "joseph" #:secure? #t))
 
(redirect-to
 "http://localhost/logged-in"
 see-other
 #:headers
 (map cookie->header
      (list time-cookie id-cookie)))
 
(send/suspend
 (lambda (k-url)
   (response/xexpr
    #:cookies (list time-cookie id-cookie)
    `(html (head (title "Cookie Example"))
           (body (h1 "You're cookie'd!"))))))

4.5 Authenticated Cookies

Cookies are useful for storing information of user’s browsers and particularly useful for storing identifying information for authentication, sessions, etc. However, there are inherent difficulties when using cookies as authenticators, because cookie data is fully controlled by the user, and thus cannot be trusted.
This module provides functions for creating and verifying authenticated cookies that are intrinsically timestamped. It is based on the algorithm proposed by the MIT Cookie Eaters: if you store the data data at thime authored-seconds, then the user will receive digest&authored-seconds&data, where digest is an HMAC-SHA1 digest of authored-seconds and data, using an arbitrary secret key. When you receive a cookie, it will reverify this digest and check that the cookie’s authored-seconds is not after a timeout period, and only then return the cookie data to the program.
The interface represents the secret key as a byte string. The best way to generate this is by using random bytes from something like OpenSSL or /dev/random. This FAQ lists a few options. A convenient purely Racket-based option is available (make-secret-salt/file), but it will not have as good entropy, if you care about that sort of thing.

procedure

(make-id-cookie name secret-salt value)  cookie?

  name : cookie-name?
  secret-salt : bytes?
  value : cookie-value?
Generates an authenticated cookie named name containing value, signed with secret-salt.

procedure

(request-id-cookie name 
  secret-salt 
  request 
  #:timeout timeout) 
  (or/c false/c cookie-value?)
  name : cookie-name?
  secret-salt : bytes?
  request : request?
  timeout : +inf.0
Extracts the first authenticated cookie named name that was previously signed with secret-salt before timeout from request. If no valid cookie is available, returns #f.

procedure

(logout-id-cookie name)  cookie?

  name : cookie-name?
Generates a cookie named name that is not validly authenticated.

This will cause non-malicious browsers to overwrite a previously set cookie. If you use authenticated cookies for login information, you could send this to cause a "logout". However, malicious browsers do not need to respect such an overwrite. Therefore, this is not an effective way to implement timeouts or protect users on public (i.e. possibly compromised) computers. The only way to securely logout on the compromised computer is to have server-side state keeping track of which cookies (sessions, etc.) are invalid. Depending on your application, it may be better to track live sessions or dead sessions, or never set cookies to begin with and just use continuations, which you can revoke with send/finish.

procedure

(make-secret-salt/file secret-salt-path)  bytes?

  secret-salt-path : path-string?
Extracts the bytes from secret-salt-path. If secret-salt-path does not exist, then it is created and initialized with 128 random bytes.

4.6 Extracting Cookies

struct

(struct client-cookie (name value domain path)
  #:extra-constructor-name make-client-cookie)
  name : string?
  value : string?
  domain : (or/c false/c valid-domain?)
  path : (or/c false/c string?)
While server cookies are represented with cookie?s, cookies that come from the client are represented with a client-cookie structure.

procedure

(request-cookies req)  (listof client-cookie?)

  req : request?
Extracts the cookies from req’s headers.

Examples:
(define (start req)
  (define cookies (request-cookies req))
  (define id-cookie
    (findf (lambda (c)
             (string=? "id" (client-cookie-name c)))
           cookies))
  (if id-cookie
      (hello (client-cookie-value id-cookie))
      (redirect-to
       (url->string (request-uri req))
       see-other
       #:headers
       (list
        (cookie->header (make-cookie "id" "joseph"))))))
 
 (define (hello who)
   (response/xexpr
    `(html (head (title "Hello!"))
           (body
            (h1 "Hello "
                ,who)))))

4.7 Redirect

procedure

(redirect-to uri    
  [perm/temp    
  #:headers headers])  response?
  uri : non-empty-string/c
  perm/temp : redirection-status? = temporarily
  headers : (listof header?) = (list)
Generates an HTTP response that redirects the browser to uri, while including the headers in the response.

Example: (redirect-to "http://www.add-three-numbers.com" permanently)

procedure

(redirection-status? v)  boolean?

  v : any/c
Determines if v is one of the following values.

A redirection-status? for permanent redirections.

A redirection-status? for temporary redirections.

A redirection-status? for "see-other" redirections.

4.8 Basic Authentication

An implementation of HTTP Basic Authentication.

procedure

(make-basic-auth-header realm)  header?

  realm : string?
Returns a header that instructs the Web browser to request a username and password from the client using Basic authentication with realm as the realm.

procedure

(request->basic-credentials req)

  (or/c false/c (cons/c bytes? bytes?))
  req : request?
Returns a pair of the username and password from the authentication header in req if they are present, or #f.

Example:
#lang web-server/insta
 
(define (start req)
  (match (request->basic-credentials req)
    [(cons user pass)
     (response/xexpr
      `(html (head (title "Basic Auth Test"))
             (body (h1 "User: " ,(bytes->string/utf-8 user))
                   (h1 "Pass: " ,(bytes->string/utf-8 pass)))))]
    [else
     (response
      401 #"Unauthorized" (current-seconds) TEXT/HTML-MIME-TYPE
      (list
       (make-basic-auth-header
        (format "Basic Auth Test: ~a" (gensym))))
      void)]))

4.9 Digest Authentication

An implementation of HTTP Digest Authentication.

procedure

(make-digest-auth-header realm    
  private-key    
  opaque)  header?
  realm : string?
  private-key : string?
  opaque : string?
Returns a header that instructs the Web browser to request a username and password from the client using Digest authentication with realm as the realm, private-key as the server’s contribution to the nonce, and opaque as the opaque data passed through the client.

procedure

(request->digest-credentials req)

  (or/c false/c (listof (cons/c symbol? string?)))
  req : request?
Returns the Digest credentials from req (if they appear) as an association list.

Used to look up the password for a user is a realm.

Equivalent to (-> string? string? string?).

Used to compute the user’s secret hash.

Equivalent to (-> string? string? bytes?).

procedure

(password->digest-HA1 lookup-password)

  username*realm->digest-HA1/c
  lookup-password : username*realm->password/c
Uses lookup-password to find the password, then computes the secret hash of it.

procedure

(make-check-digest-credentials lookup-HA1)

  (string? (listof (cons/c symbol? string?)) . -> . boolean?)
  lookup-HA1 : username*realm->digest-HA1/c
Constructs a function that checks whether particular Digest credentials (the second argument of the returned function) are correct given the HTTP method provided as the first argument and the secret hash computed by lookup-HA1.

This is will result in an exception if the Digest credentials are missing portions.

Example:
#lang web-server/insta
(require racket/pretty)
 
(define private-key "private-key")
(define opaque "opaque")
 
(define (start req)
  (match (request->digest-credentials req)
    [#f
     (response
      401 #"Unauthorized" (current-seconds) TEXT/HTML-MIME-TYPE
      (list (make-digest-auth-header
             (format "Digest Auth Test: ~a" (gensym))
             private-key opaque))
      void)]
    [alist
     (define check
       (make-check-digest-credentials
        (password->digest-HA1 (lambda (username realm) "pass"))))
     (define pass?
       (check "GET" alist))
     (response/xexpr
      `(html (head (title "Digest Auth Test"))
             (body
              (h1 ,(if pass? "Pass!" "No Pass!"))
              (pre ,(pretty-format alist)))))]))

4.10 X-expression Support

 (require web-server/http/xexpr)

procedure

(response/xexpr xexpr    
  [#:code code    
  #:message message    
  #:seconds seconds    
  #:mime-type mime-type    
  #:headers headers    
  #:cookies cookies    
  #:preamble preamble])  response?
  xexpr : xexpr/c
  code : number? = 200
  message : bytes? = #"Okay"
  seconds : number? = (current-seconds)
  mime-type : (or/c false/c bytes?) = TEXT/HTML-MIME-TYPE
  headers : (listof header?) = empty
  cookies : (listof cookie?) = empty
  preamble : bytes? = #""
Equivalent to
(response/full
 code message seconds mime-type
 (append headers (map cookie->header cookies))
 (list preamble (string->bytes/utf-8 (xexpr->string xexpr))))

This is a viable function to pass to set-any->response!.